{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:20:50Z","timestamp":1792027250817,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":239,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Traditional diagnostic approaches, such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, often detect sepsis after significant organ dysfunction has occurred, limiting the potential for early intervention. In this study, we reviewed how artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013driven methodologies, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), can aid physicians. AI, in this case, particularly ML, processes massive amounts of real\u2010time clinical data, vital signs, lab results, and patient history and can detect subtle patterns and predict sepsis earlier than traditional methods like SOFA or SIRS, which often lag behind after the presentation of the sequela. Models like random forest, XGBoost, and neural networks achieve high accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) scores (0.8\u20130.99) in ICU and emergency settings, enabling timely intervention by distinguishing sepsis from similar conditions despite the lack of perfect biomarkers. In practice, however, there are several potential pitfalls. Algorithmic bias due to nonrepresentative data, data fragmentation, lack of validation, and explainability issues are current barriers in developed models. Future research should address these limitations and develop more sophisticated models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:04:49Z","timestamp":1756379089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Potentials of Artificial Intelligence in Sepsis Management in the Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-6457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Riahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0854-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Sepehr","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Eshraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motahare Karimi","family":"Houyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2158-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Khoshdooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0693-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahshid","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9909-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Khalaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Masoud","family":"Moeini Taba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad Reza","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32989-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2691"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06106-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228367"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19859"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-021-00765-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2019.qccc.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00702-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104394"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-310"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030523"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.03061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijin.2022.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103491"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2023.154400"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Technology","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-024-02278-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2024.110356"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03230-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlaskarH.andSabaT. Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Comparative Review Proceedings of Integrated Intelligence Enable Networks and Computing: IIENC 2020 May 2021 143\u2013150 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-33-6307-6_15.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6307-6_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-024-02300-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52768\/2766-7820\/2915"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2021.102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_00990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)01637-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221894"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06054-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12635"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05843-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2022.2040359"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01233-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-818438-7.00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.13.23295508"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10728"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000533177"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","unstructured":"A Human-AI Collaborative Approach for Clinical Decision Making on Rehabilitation Assessment Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","unstructured":"Rethinking Human-AI Collaboration in Complex Medical Decision Making: A Case Study in Sepsis Diagnosis Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems May 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03916-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39346.495880.ae"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.027425"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2024.2369378"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5228-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2013.764490"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7653"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2024.154815"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174708"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3414\/me18-01-0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003891"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103395"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2017.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","unstructured":"Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium 2015 Predictive Models for Severe Sepsis in Adult ICU Patients"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2022.105002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Contextual Embeddings From Clinical Notes Improves Prediction of Sepsis","volume":"2020","author":"Amrollahi F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20910-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2023.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02630-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","unstructured":"HuW. Multimodal Early Septic Shock Prediction Model Using Lasso Regression with Decaying Response 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) November 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-023-02151-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00628-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.665464"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3881\/j.issn.1000-503X.14013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017833"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2023.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01561-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05872-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1285-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2015.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000002706"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_2","first-page":"653","article-title":"Early Detection of Sepsis in the Emergency Department Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks","volume":"2012","author":"Nachimuthu S. K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"AMIA"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155705"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15182"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01664-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00986-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781498757461"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-38319-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2001.0080527"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Role of Clinical Decision Support Systems in Healthcare (1980-2010): a Systematic Review Study","volume":"2","author":"Omididan Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jentashapir Sceintific-Research Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jbhi.2017.2767063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2008.01149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e3181af2cb0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2023-002432"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1814259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03329-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-022-00672-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57728"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.60087\/jaigs.v1i1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjaets.2024.11.1.0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54097\/ajst.v8i2.14713"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0108-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000406"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00075-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2017.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060784"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1437602"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-05061-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0401-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00606-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1320312"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00899-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01457"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2163053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1703058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1848oc"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000004863"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/bbrj.bbrj_58_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006057"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0b013e318205df85"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.5.46010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000005267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2347"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000005294"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05878-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.3333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.930043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AslanA. T. PermanaB. HarrisP. N. NaidooK. D. PienaarM. A. andIrwinA. D. The Opportunities and Challenges for Artificial Intelligence to Improve Sepsis Outcomes in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Current Infectious Disease Reports 2023 25 no. 11 243\u2013253 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-023-00818-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-023-00818-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_2","unstructured":"FoodA. D. Proposed Regulatory Framework for Modifications to Artificial intelligence\/machine Learning (AI\/ML)-based Software as a Medical Device (Samd) 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317366"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317500"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-8-53"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0262-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_2","volume-title":"Building Explainable Artificial Intelligence Systems","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106584"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.09.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_2","volume-title":"Constitutional Ai: Harmlessness from Ai Feedback","author":"Bai Y. K. S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050767"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-9473(00)00032-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_2","unstructured":"FoodU.andAdministrationD. FDA Proposes Framework to Advance Credibility of AI Models Used for Drug and Biological Product Submissions 2025."}],"container-title":["Critical Care Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:41:11Z","timestamp":1773769271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Plackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ccrp\/9031137","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-1305","2090-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-1305","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9031137"}}