{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:46Z","timestamp":1787034346679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiovascular Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is an advancing and complex vascular condition primarily associated with sustained inflammatory responses, oxidative imbalance, and disruptions in lipid homeostasis. These pathological features render it a major contributor to the global burden of cardiovascular disease, encompassing both morbidity and mortality. Traditional treatment modalities, including statins, angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors and surgical procedures, frequently encounter limitations due to inefficient pharmacokinetic profiles, insufficient targeting of pathological sites and widespread adverse effects. To address these therapeutic shortcomings, prodrug and nano\u2010prodrug technologies have gained recognition as innovative systems capable of enabling site\u2010specific and stimuli\u2010activated therapeutic delivery in atherosclerotic disease management. This review discusses ROS\u2010responsive prodrugs, biomimetic nano\u2010prodrug platforms, and multifunctional theranostic nanotechnologies as alternative approaches for advanced atherosclerosis treatment. These systems enable targeted drug activation in oxidative plaque environments, improve pharmacokinetics, and enhance lesion\u2010specific delivery via mechanisms such as VCAM\u20101 targeting, integrins, and cell membrane cloaking. Notably, in preclinical models nano\u2010prodrugs have been reported to produce combined therapeutic effects by modulating lipid metabolism, reducing inflammation, and preventing foam cell formation, whereas theranostic platforms have enabled real\u2010time monitoring of treatment response in animals. No nano\u2010prodrug platform for atherosclerosis has yet been evaluated in humans. Despite progress, key barriers to clinical translation remain, including poor scalability and reproducibility of nanomaterials, patient variability in plaque biology, limited long\u2010term safety data, and regulatory challenges for complex nanosystems. Future advances will require biomarker\u2010guided patient selection, robust clinical validation, multistimuli\u2010responsive designs, and well\u2010defined regulatory standards. Overcoming these issues is vital for integrating nano\u2010prodrug technologies into precision atherosclerosis therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/cdr\/5159097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:41:53Z","timestamp":1787031713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prodrug Strategies in Atherosclerosis: Targeted Delivery and Therapeutic Advances"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Mirhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Almahmeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Kesharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319932"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2010.40.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015160"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150844"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00955-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1589629"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM28240"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107833"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37727"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1435021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-024-00945-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2013.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104370"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1737662"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07166-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071720"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00700"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Disease of the Arteries","author":"Osler W.","year":"1908","journal-title":"Modern Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080301"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.707529"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.785220"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15111656"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.841545"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/cdr\/8098173"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8080262"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-000-0042-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16060705"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810546"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302918"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202505792"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233843"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0678-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101958"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-025-01294-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386073a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-025-00600-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071408"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115559"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01704"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.106991"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001145"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB02293B"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-021-00211-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-026-00111-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1652933"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107912"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051313"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3517-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2311380"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-013-6479-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101342"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210793563464"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0429-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4379"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081037"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00574"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3444"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.6c00829"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121582"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-025-00731-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124352"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c02354"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55218\/JASR.2025160601"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.03.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122873"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13051156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030297"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11422-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000218"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136938"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13457"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1583209"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1551906"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020174"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.205674"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120868"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282836"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318195bfbc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01834.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07490-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa168"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22278-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16439-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03232-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/DMDI.2008.23.1-2.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0932"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11840"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.04.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c07821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2024.100212"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020629"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303259"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08391"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201504444"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201801122"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs240"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00897-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-025-06452-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6351-1","volume-title":"Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe \/ Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products","author":"Adams D. R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03265C"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR00231A"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR00732F"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07720"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MH01293H"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007490"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01359"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07842"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804956"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10334"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.12.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114027"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la500057j"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00701-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0485-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.202000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR04778D"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202102055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-017-0413-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311577"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110660"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC00761A"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2040(20)60066-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303150"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102322"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104353"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01136-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304994"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11058"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.202200406"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2025.14.3.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-026-01245-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.01.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308298"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16119404"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.10014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2024.70.9.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504990"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MD00169G"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114298"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03921-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2026.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00508G"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503779d"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01754-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00790"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01865"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/cdr\/5159097","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/cdr\/5159097","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/cdr\/5159097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:41:55Z","timestamp":1787031715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/cdr\/5159097"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose Ivan","family":"Serrano-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/cdr\/5159097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/cdr\/5159097","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-5914","1755-5922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-5914","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-5922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5159097"}}