{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:08:39Z","timestamp":1784704119459,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":201,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006396","name":"Qazvin University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR.QUMS.REC.1402.100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.QUMS.REC.1402.100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      esophagitis (CE) is a recognized opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, but data from HIV\u2010negative patients remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical manifestations, risk factors, and molecular characteristics of CE in HIV\u2010negative adults undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross\u2010sectional study, 455 HIV\u2010negative adults with upper gastrointestinal symptoms who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy were evaluated. An esophageal mucosal sample for fungal culture was collected from all patients, while biopsy for histopathology was performed only when endoscopic findings suggested\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Active CE was defined by compatible endoscopic lesions, histopathological evidence of tissue invasion, and a positive fungal culture.\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were identified using PCR\u2010RFLP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 84 patients (18.5%), and histopathologically confirmed that CE was identified in 16 patients (3.5%). The most common symptoms among CE patients were epigastric pain (68.8%) and acid reflux (56.3%). Diabetes mellitus (OR\u2009=\u20096.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), denture use (OR\u2009=\u20093.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020), corticosteroid use (OR\u2009=\u20094.54,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), and antibiotic use (OR\u2009=\u20095.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018) were significantly associated with CE. Among patients with CE (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916), molecular analysis showed\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the predominant species (81.3%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12.5%) and\n                      <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6.2%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CE is an uncommon yet clinically relevant condition in HIV\u2010negative patients. Metabolic factors, medication exposure, and denture use significantly increase the risk of CE. Early identification of high\u2010risk individuals and accurate species detection may support timely diagnosis and appropriate management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/cjid\/2877787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:46:12Z","timestamp":1784702772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Candida<\/i>\n                    Colonization and Esophagitis in HIV\u2010Negative Patients: An Endoscopic, Histopathological, and Molecular Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Nabiei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Samimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Nasirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7479-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monirsadat","family":"Mirzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200205000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154510970200100204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1019w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.1.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54685"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8869494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3585136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652008000500002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_581_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1574-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","first-page":"288","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Candida Species Isolated from Gastro-Oesophageal Candidiasis in Tehran, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Mohammadi R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2017.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.9.2476-2479.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i10.2328","article-title":"Candida Esophagitis: Risk Factors in Non-HIV Population in Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Yakoob J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i30.10896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","article-title":"Fungal Colonization of the Esophagus","volume":"84","author":"Vermeersch B.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01324956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/hiv.s6660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","volume-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Robertson K. 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