{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:50:58Z","timestamp":1787017858462,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild self\u2010limited childhood infectious disease caused by a variety of enteroviruses (EVs).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate the molecular epidemiology of EVs associated with HFMD and their clinical presentation during the HFMD outbreak that occurred in the Jenin district, Palestine, from May to August 2024.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Forty\u2010four (44) throat and vesicular swabs were tested for enteroviral infections using two RT\u2010PCR assays targeting both the 5\u2032NTR and the VP1\u20102A regions of the enteroviral genome for the diagnosis and genotyping. Patients\u2019 demographic data and clinical history were used to create an epidemiological curve. EpiInfo free software was used to draw a cluster mapping. MEGA\u2010X was used to construct a maximum likelihood (ML) tree. PopArt 1.7 software was used to construct neighbor\u2010joining network.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The mean age of the study sample was 2.08 (0.25\u201312\u2009years) with 95% (42\/44) under five years old. The male\/female ratio was 0.9. All cases presented with typical HFMD signs and symptoms with variable sites of signs. Of the 44 samples, 36 yield positive RT\u2010PCR targeting the 5\u2032NTR. Seven randomly selected positive RT\u2010PCR\u20105\u2032NTR samples were sequenced using Sanger sequencing for genotyping. It was shown that all were CV\u2010A16 sub\u2010genogroup B1c. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1\u20102A region sequences showed that all Palestinian CV\u2010A16 isolates form a pure haplogroup of CV\u2010A16 sub\u2010genotype B1c. Furthermore, although haplotype network analysis showed high variation between the viral sequences, the haplotype analysis supported the ML phylogenetic tree in having them all in one haplogroup.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    CV\u2010A16, sub\u2010genotype B1c was the virus responsible for the HFMD outbreak in the Jenin district of Palestine in the summer of 2024. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis showed that CV\u2010A16 strains cluster closely with each other and very close to an Indian isolate (OR437338.1), indicating the monomorphic nature of this strain with low genetic variation and the probability of virus importation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/cjid\/9133821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:18:21Z","timestamp":1739859501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["First Report of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Outbreak in the West Bank, Palestine: Molecular Characterization of Coxsackievirus A16 (CV\u2010A16)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2039-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Dumaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5929-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Al-Jawabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9898-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areej","family":"Zraiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4111-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athar","family":"Fashafsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0857-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Dumaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.5.1288-1293.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","volume-title":"Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(13)70342-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3206-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02169-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05561-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44644-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105552"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.036400-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1236879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00451-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00630-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0134-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4112-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","unstructured":"Palestinian-Metrological-Department-Ministry-of-Transport Area Population and Population Density in Palestine by Governorate 2021 2024 https:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/Portals\/_Rainbow\/Documents\/LUS3E.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","article-title":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics","author":"Anonymous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Projected Mid-Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2017-2026, on PCBS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0732-8893(03)00148-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","volume-title":"Epi Info\u2122, a Database and Statistics Program for Public Health Professionals","author":"Dean A. 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