{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:04:28Z","timestamp":1790348668042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":267,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Congenital tuberculosis (CTB) poses significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in preterm infants. This case report describes the discordant clinical presentation of CTB in dizygotic twins conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF) and born at 31\n                    <jats:sup>+6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009weeks\u2019 gestation. Both twins presented with nonspecific symptoms (fever and respiratory distress) on postnatal day (PND) 31 and 25, respectively, but followed distinct clinical courses: Twin 1 developed disseminated disease with facial palsy and central nervous system (CNS) involvement, whereas Twin 2 presented with a cervical mass and bone destruction. Diagnosis was markedly delayed, with confirmation on PND 99 and 98, respectively, and initially mistaken for sepsis or histiocytosis. Definitive diagnosis was achieved through next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS) and Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis\/Rifampicin (Xpert MTB\/RIF) assays. The twins were treated with a 14\u2010month antitubercular regimen including linezolid. Their asymptomatic mother was subsequently diagnosed with latent genital TB\u2014a likely contributor to her primary infertility\u2014and received standard therapy with isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB). At follow\u2010up (chronological age 2\u2009years), both twins showed adequate catch\u2010up growth and normal visual function. This case illustrates that CTB can manifest as phenotypically diverse and disseminated disease in preterm IVF twins following reactivation of maternal latent infection. It also provides a clinical paradigm linking female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) pathogenesis\u2014mediated by Th1\/Th17\u2010driven endometrial damage\u2014to infertility, IVF\u2010associated immunosuppressive reactivation, and congenital transmission. These findings highlight the potential value of considering latent TB screening in women undergoing infertility evaluation, particularly before IVF, to prevent severe maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, given that these observations are derived from a single case report, larger studies are warranted to establish definitive screening recommendations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/crdi\/8016755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:48:37Z","timestamp":1790347717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Complexities in Congenital Tuberculosis: Insights From Preterm Twins Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization and a Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2516-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Juan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6882-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","volume-title":"WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1101-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","article-title":"Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Outcomes of Infants with Congenital and Postnatal Tuberculosis: a Multicentre Cohort Study of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (Ptbnet)","volume":"53","author":"G Tzinger F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet regional health. 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