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In this case report, we describe a 31\u2010year\u2010old man who was found to have thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma and T\u2010lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoma 2 years after initial treatment for T\u2010lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoma. The thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma was initially detected in a malignant pleural effusion, and a retrospective review of a preceding lung biopsy suggested the involvement of both tumors within one tissue sample. Immunohistochemical analysis was imperative in highlighting these two elements because despite their unique cytomorphological characteristics, a limited amount of each component was seen in the tissue biopsy. Ancillary testing is critical to the recognition of these entities in small biopsies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/crip\/6767219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:56:17Z","timestamp":1779699377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenges in the Diagnosis of Concurrent T\u2010Lymphoblastic Leukemia\/Lymphoma and Thymic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8437-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4223-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3220-1892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Yared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3811-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181dd4ec4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969221118324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/med-23-ab010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9293(03)00136-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/101.4.432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000519033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1520993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"524","article-title":"T-cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia\/Lymphoma Presenting in a Recurrent Thymoma","volume":"4","author":"Macon W. 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