{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:43:04Z","timestamp":1792392184651,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the sinonasal tract with heterogeneous clinical behavior and recurrence potential. Due to its low incidence, prognostic factors and optimal treatment strategies remain incompletely defined. The objective of this study was to describe the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment approaches, and recurrence patterns of ONB over a 15\u2010year period at a tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case series and literature review were performed. Medical records of nine patients with histologically confirmed ONB treated between 2007 and 2022 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, imaging findings, Hyams histologic grade, treatment modalities, and follow\u2010up outcomes were analyzed. Diagnosis in every case rested on characteristic morphology together with a full neuroendocrine immunohistochemical panel, and Hyams grade was assigned on the definitive resection specimen. Variables that were not uniformly documented across the 15\u2010year archive\u2014clinical stage, surgical margin status and the anatomical compartment of recurrence\u2014were deliberately not imputed and are reported as unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients ranged in age from 18 to 61\u2009years (mean 41.3\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4\u2009years; median 42\u2009years), with a male predominance (6\/9, 66.7%). The most common presenting symptoms were nasal congestion, headache, and nasal mass. All patients underwent surgical resection with curative intent, predominantly through endoscopic endonasal approaches, followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Within a uniform, protocol\u2010defined posttreatment observation window of 3\u2009years (median follow\u2010up 36\u2009months), tumor recurrence occurred in 4 of 9 patients (44.4%), and 5 of 9 patients (55.6%) remained free of documented recurrence. Recurrence was observed across different Hyams grades, including grade I tumors, without a statistically significant association between histologic grade, age, or gender and recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ONB demonstrates variable clinical presentation and recurrence patterns, even following multimodal treatment. Histologic grade alone may not reliably predict recurrence in small cohorts. Recurrence despite low\u2010grade histology and uniformly administered chemoradiotherapy supports grade\u2010, stage\u2010, and margin\u2010adapted rather than uniform adjuvant strategies, and structured surveillance continued well beyond 5\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/crot\/4417318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:01:45Z","timestamp":1792389705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinicopathological Characteristics and Recurrence Patterns of Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A 15\u2010Year Tertiary Center Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8974-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Naraghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran  tums.ac.ir"},{"name":"Orphans Worldwide  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran  tums.ac.ir"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindelwa Phakamile","family":"Mmema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eswatini Antivenom Foundation  Simunye Eswatini"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9840-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jazmin","family":"Kazravan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA  mayo.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0251-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran  tums.ac.ir"},{"name":"Rhinology Research Society  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-03758-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","volume-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma","author":"Limaiem 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