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Recent research emphasizes the gut microbiota\u2019s role in modulating immunity via SCFAs and tryptophan metabolites, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, and producing metabolites such as SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate) and pro\u2010atherogenic TMAO. Dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean versus Western diet, significantly influence gut microbiota composition and CVD risk. Polyphenols and exercise have shown positive effects on gut microbiota and cardiovascular outcomes. A significant interplay exists between gut microbiota and cardiovascular health. Dysbiosis and metabolites like TMAO and LPS are implicated in CVD, while SCFAs and a balanced microbiota offer protection. 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