{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:23:33Z","timestamp":1787315013760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":232,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Depression and Anxiety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression remains one of the most prevalent global mental health challenges, while prior research has often examined its determinants through fragmented and isolated perspectives. A multidimensional understanding of how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors jointly shape depression risk remains limited, particularly across national contexts. Using data from three nationally representative cohorts in the United Kingdom (Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study), the United States (Midlife in the United States), and China (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), we applied network analysis and parallel mediation analysis to examine the relative importance of multidimensional factors associated with depression and to assess pathways associated with income and depressive symptoms. Across all cohorts, psychological factors showed the strongest associations with depression. Lower income was directly related to higher depression and indirectly related through parallel pathways involving loneliness and disability. Loneliness emerged as the most consistent mediator across cohorts. These findings provide an integrated view of depression risk and highlight the potential role of psychological mechanisms in linking socioeconomic disadvantage to mental health vulnerability across populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/5511191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1787311948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Associations Between Income and Depression: A Cross\u2010National Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3631-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiantong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Depressive Disorder (Depression) [Fact Sheet] 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12171721"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240049338."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/5553491"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31802e21d8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30383-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0321-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21160"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121633"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0214"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1383078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02261-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067068"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.719490"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","volume-title":"Understanding Abnormal Behavior","author":"Sue D. W.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1223-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465231166334"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118594"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116977"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30060-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnp065"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13410"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","volume-title":"Understanding Society: Waves 1-14, 2009\u20132023 and Harmonised BHPS: Waves 1-18, 1991-2009 (19th ed.)","author":"University of Essex","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","unstructured":"RyffC. D. AlmeidaD. M. andAyanianJ. et al.Midlife in the United States (MIDUS. 3) 2013-2014 (Version 7) [Data Set] 2019 Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR36346.v7."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","volume-title":"China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Wave 4 User\u2019s Guide","author":"Zhao Y.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","unstructured":"International Labour Organization Labour Force Statistics (LFS and RURBAN Databases): Concepts and Definitions ILOSTAThttps:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/methods\/concepts-and-definitions\/description-labour-force-statistics\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000330"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1532"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.5.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","volume-title":"A User\u2019s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg D.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","unstructured":"HayesA. F. PROCESS Macro for SPSS SAS and R (Version 5.0) [Computer Software] 2025 http:\/\/www.processmacro.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230371"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.928270"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115854"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06828-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_2","first-page":"604","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Foygel R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0148-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61089-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0307-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.6.925"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.031809.130711"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1446-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02460-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X15001403"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383501"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12191928"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.5.S256"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353263"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060214"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310377394"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40213"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.5.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Depression in Adults With a Chronic Physical Health Problem: Recognition and Management (Clinical Guideline CG91) 2009 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg91."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_2","volume-title":"Rehabilitation in Health Systems: Guide for Action","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30026-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00733"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.710128"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00179"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1546291"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.490"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011492107"}],"container-title":["Depression and Anxiety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/da\/5511191","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/da\/5511191","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/da\/5511191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:32:34Z","timestamp":1787311954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/da\/5511191"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samraggi","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/da\/5511191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/da\/5511191","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-4269","1520-6394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-4269","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6394","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5511191"}}