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However, the specific role of eating rhythms in depression remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the relationship between energy intake rhythmicity and depressive symptoms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 34,974 noninstitutionalized individuals were recruited from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. To investigate the relationship between 24\u2010h energy intake and depressive symptoms, covariate\u2010adjusted sample\u2010weighted regressions were employed. The study analyzed various aspects of energy intake rhythmicity, including the proportion of energy intake from non\u2010meals and meal times, as well as the proportion of energy intake across meals and various time periods (morning, midday, afternoon, evening, night, and overnight).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A high proportion of energy intake from non\u2010meals (adjusted odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08\u20131.15) was associated with higher depressive symptoms. The proportion of breakfast energy intake in total daily energy intake was nonlinearly associated with depressive symptoms. In participants with a breakfast energy intake below 20%, the prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased by 15% (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.85, 95% CI: 0.75\u20130.96) per each 10% increment in the proportion of breakfast energy intake. A U\u2010shaped relationship was identified between the timing of the day\u2019s last energy intake and depressive symptoms, with the lowest prevalence occurring at 7:48 PM (before 7:48 PM: adjusted [OR\u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI: 0.94\u20130.98]; after 7:48 PM: adjusted [OR\u2009=\u20091.11, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.20]).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Among adults in the United States, the proportion of energy consumed from non\u2010meals was associated with higher depressive symptoms. Adequate energy intake at breakfast and moderate end\u2010times of energy intake were linked to reduced depressive symptoms. These results may contribute to designing of future studies on dietary rhythm interventions for managing depression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/5544651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T03:51:51Z","timestamp":1744775511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of 24\u2010h Energy Intake Behavior With Depressive Symptoms: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination 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