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Veterans are at\u2010risk for health problems due to encountering unique military experiences such as traumatic exposures, development of trauma\u2010related mental health symptoms or disorders, combat\u2010related injuries, and disability, exposure to toxins such as burn pits and biological agents, and living with chronic stress during their transition to civilian life. It was suggested that the disruptions and challenges the COVID\u201019 pandemic created could trigger mental health problems among veterans. Indeed, based on cumulative stress theory, female veterans and veterans from racial and ethnic minority groups were thought to be particularly vulnerable for experiencing mental health challenges. The current study examined changes in the symptoms of depression and anxiety before, during, and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic among a large and diverse sample of post\u20109\/11 veterans. As predicted, when compared to White male veterans, male and female veterans from racial and ethnic minority groups reported having higher symptom levels of anxiety and depression before, during, and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic. All veterans, except for females from racial and ethnic minority groups, reported experiencing increases in symptoms over time. Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), combat exposure, and length of longest deployment were inconsistently associated with symptoms over time. The results suggest that the COVID\u201019 pandemic was associated with individuals experiencing increased anxious and depressive symptoms over time, although not in a wholly consistent manner. Future global health emergencies may have differential gender\u2010 and race\/ethnicity\u2010based effects on veterans; thus, veteran\u2010serving organizations should carefully plan their responses to such crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/5572394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T04:10:46Z","timestamp":1757131846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Veteran Reports of Anxiety and Depression Before, During, and After COVID\u201019: Associations With Race\/Ethnicity, Gender, and Traumatic Exposures"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Chesnut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith R.","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3360"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.2.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00577-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044640"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003490"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003379"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88111-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","unstructured":"ZogasA. 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