{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T06:42:49Z","timestamp":1786171369475,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":218,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1400.083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1400.083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine, a safe methylxanthine, has been widely used for the treatment of skin diseases such as cellulite, hair loss, aging, and psoriasis. However, its skin penetration is low. Transcutol is a biocompatible, nonvolatile permeation enhancer which solubilize large number of drugs and does not change the integrity of the skin structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the skin permeability of synthetic and natural caffeine gels was compared by ex vivo experiments. Furthermore, Transcutol P was used as a permeation enhancer, and its impact on skin permeation enhancement was determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The skin penetration of caffeine from the formulation containing coffee extract, a type of natural caffeine, is higher than that of the formulation containing pure synthetic caffeine. This effect is likely due to the presence of coffee, which can act as a skin permeation enhancer. Additionally, the use of Transcutol P in a formulation containing coffee extract at a concentration of 2.5% caused the highest amount of flux. Therefore, the formulation of gel containing natural caffeine along with 2.5% Transcutol is optimal and can be used for further studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It can be concluded that the addition of 2.5% Transcutol P in the formulation containing coffee extract resulted in the highest skin permeation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/drp\/3538935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T05:55:17Z","timestamp":1786168517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Transcutol P on Percutaneous Absorption of Gel Containing Pure Synthetic Caffeine or Plant\u2010Extracted Natural Caffeine"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4726-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastaran","family":"Seyyed Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9719-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Soltanmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Charkhpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Shokri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","first-page":"2167","article-title":"A Short Review on the Effect of Functional Group in Methylxanthine (Caffeine) Class of Drugs","volume":"7","author":"Krishna Sri P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.802123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-79135-9.00038-0","article-title":"Resistance to Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent (ESA) Treatment","author":"Locatelli F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Handbook of Dialysis Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030803"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13443-2_17","article-title":"Methylxanthines in Asthma","volume":"2011","author":"Tilley S. 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