{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:13:22Z","timestamp":1793913202211,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cockroaches could play a role in the transmission dynamics of antimicrobial\u2010resistant bacteria (ARB) at variable interfaces in Ugandan communities, acting as both reservoirs and vectors. This study investigated the burden and diversity of ARB carried by cockroaches in human settlements in Uganda, so as to understand their role in the spread of these pathogens and their potential as sentinels in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A retrospective analysis was conducted on two unpublished studies by Makerere University students. Study one and study two sampled 58 and 110 cockroaches, respectively, from secondary schools in Kampala. Cockroach species identification was determined based on physical characteristics. Bacterial isolation and characterization were performed through microbiological analyses including standard culture methods, biochemical tests, matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization time\u2010of\u2010flight mass spectrometry (MALDI\u2010TOF MS), disc diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Majority of the cockroaches (over 80%) were\n                    <jats:italic>Periplaneta americana.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Multidrug resistance (MDR) was prevalent among the isolates, with over 30% of the isolates being resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Specifically, MDR (over 90%) was rampant in the extended spectrum beta\u2010lactamase (ESBL)\u2013 or AmpC\u2010producing\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and enterococci isolates. Critical World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogens, such as ESBL\u2010\/AmpC\u2010producing Enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were also identified. The most abundant resistance determinants (tetracycline and sulphonamide) were\n                    <jats:italic>tetA, sul1,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tetL<\/jats:italic>\n                    for enterococci.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The findings accentuate the potential role of cockroaches: (1) in transmitting multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria at the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface and (2) as sentinels in the surveillance of community\u2010generated AMR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T04:26:27Z","timestamp":1737260787000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cockroaches as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Potential Sentinels of Multidrug\u2010Resistant Bacteria in Ugandan Communities: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8619-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Kakooza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8247-3578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Ssajjakambwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5336-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Nalubega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0614-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty","family":"Namazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7236-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Nantume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Ssentamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Nabatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2711-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Nalumenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4554-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Wanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien F. N.","family":"Munyiirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6568-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorcus","family":"Namuyinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3753-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayaka","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3155-4538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunari","family":"Ushida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Baligwamunsi","family":"Kaneene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s418624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09806-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3258059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2021.1926056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6644271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9060300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","article-title":"Pests, Pandemics, Preparedness and Biosecurity","volume":"2022","author":"Kumar N. K.","year":"2030","journal-title":"Indian Agriculture Towards"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","unstructured":"ThoopalR. K. Roach Sense \u2013 Pitara Kids Network 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v12i2.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"The Majority of Cockroaches From the Samutprakarn Province of Thailand Are Carriers of Parasitic Organisms","volume":"10","author":"Chamavit P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"EXCLI journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cockroach Biology and Management","author":"Brown W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Texas A&M AgriLife Ext Serv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","article-title":"Cockroach Control Manual","volume":"6","author":"Kalisch J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cockroach Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2825056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","first-page":"709","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Associated With the Cockroach Periplaneta americana in Al-Diwaniya City\/Iraq","volume":"2","author":"Al-Fattly H. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","first-page":"649","article-title":"Household Cockroaches of Quetta City as Reservoir for Infectious Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Arif S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology Zoology Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","unstructured":"IkechukwuO. IfeanyichukwuI. ChikaE. UkpaiE. andOgbonnayaO. Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) as Possible Reservoirs of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Pathogenic Bacteria."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.18737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Seasonal Distribution of Cockroaches Species in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Odibo E. O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"FUW Trends in Science and Technology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/je.2018.143.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","volume-title":"Difference between American and German Cockroaches","author":"Bain J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v44i1.36802"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","volume-title":"Dissecting Cockroaches","author":"Keskus I. L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84293-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00071-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","author":"Wayne P. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7854968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.10.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2864-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.06.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-017-0665-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v17i1.13202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630220913365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/ehi.s12820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026880003020x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800048809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Contamination of Cockroaches in Public Hospitals of Hamadan, Iran","volume":"44","author":"Salehzadeh A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-1-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0505-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cockroach-associated Food-Borne Bacterial Pathogens from Some Hospitals and Restaurants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Distribution and Antibiograms","volume":"5","author":"Tachbele E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-011-0308-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","volume-title":"Prioritization of Pathogens to Guide Discovery, Research and Development of New Antibiotics for Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections","author":"Organization W. H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96169-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0269-7491(00)00038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9399351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00036-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1629-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ipc.0b013e31815f6586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2018.1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2016.67049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-5478.2016.00064.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.31289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Occurrence of Selected Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Soils of Animal Farms in Uganda","volume":"41","author":"Kakooza S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"African Study Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v4.24555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.22.427850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_2","volume-title":"Cockroach Control Manual - University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension","author":"Ogg B.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:51:49Z","timestamp":1773773509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Omar Enzo","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ghe3\/5940509","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-4200","2054-4200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-4200","type":"print"},{"value":"2054-4200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"5940509"}}