{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:05:59Z","timestamp":1779109559168,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":137,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic inflammation due to\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection causes the development of many gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastric ulcer and atrophic gastritis. This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and pepsinogen levels in\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infected patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 165\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infected subjects without atrophic gastritis were recruited, and their demographic, medical, and lifestyle information were collected. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL\u20108, IFN\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , TNF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , CRP, IL\u201017A, IL\u20101\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , IL\u201018, and pepsinogen (PGs I and II) levels were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between cytokines and PG levels, whereas segmental regression explored threshold or saturation effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IL\u201017A and IFN\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      were positively correlated with PG I and LNPG II, with each 1\u2010pg\/mL increase in IL\u201017A associated with a 2.595 (95% CI: 0.854, 4.335)\u2010ng\/mL increase in PG I and a 0.012 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.022)\u2010ng\/mL increase in LNPG II; each 1\u2010pg\/mL increase in IFN\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with a 1.746 (95% CI: 0.702, 2.791)\u2010ng\/mL increase in PG I and a 0.008 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.0191)\u2010ng\/mL increase in LNPG II. No significant correlation was found between inflammatory cytokines and the PG I\/PG II ratio (PGR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infected patients without atrophic gastritis, IL\u201017A and IFN\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels showed a linear correlation with PG levels. These cytokines may be closely associated with early gastric mucosal lesions. However, further research is needed to elucidate their specific mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/grp\/9063312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:06:09Z","timestamp":1779105969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory Cytokines as Potential Inducements of Early Gastric Mucosal Lesions in\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    \u2010Infected 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