{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:14:25Z","timestamp":1755796465182,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010882","name":"Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020KJ156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KJ156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Mutation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The high morbidity and mortality of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are partly caused by a lack of sensitive and reliable molecular markers for early diagnosis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a crucial process involved in tumorigenesis and immune regulation, and identifying PCD\u2010correlated genes may contribute to the precision diagnosis and targeted therapy of LUAD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> LUAD samples were acquired from UCSC Xena and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. PCD\u2010correlated module genes were identified by WGCNA. \u201cLimma\u201d package was employed for screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LUAD and control samples, followed by conducting functional enrichment analysis with \u201cClusterProfiler\u201d package. Hub genes were selected through machine learning algorithms. Biomarkers for LUAD were screened and further validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The robustness of the diagnostic model was verified by the confusion matrix. Immune cell infiltration was assessed employing \u201cESTIMATE\u201d and \u201cGSVA\u201d packages. HALLMARK pathway score was calculated with the \u201cGSVA\u201d package. Transcription factor (TF)\u2013biomarker\u2013chemical network was established using NetworkAnalyst and Cytoscape software. The expressions of the biomarkers in LUAD cells were detected by in vitro experiments. The viability, migration, and invasion of the LUAD cells were measured by CCK\u20108, wound healing, and Transwell assays.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We identified 160 module genes and 5934 DEGs. Then, eight hub genes were selected applying LASSO and support vector machine\u2013recursive feature elimination (SVM\u2010RFE) analyses. Further, <jats:italic>FGR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>NLRC4<\/jats:italic>, which showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) &gt; 0.7, were determined as the diagnostic biomarkers for LUAD. Interestingly, they were all low expressed in LUAD samples. We developed a diagnostic model that demonstrated robust performance in distinguishing LUAD samples from normal controls. The three biomarkers showed positive correlation to the infiltration of most immune cells and enrichment in HALLMARK pathways associated with inflammation, immune regulation, and cytokine signaling. Moreover, nine TFs and nine small\u2010molecule compounds targeting the three biomarkers were predicted to construct a TF\u2013biomarker\u2013chemical network. Functional validation revealed that all the three biomarkers were significantly downregulated in LUAD cells. Notably, <jats:italic>FGR<\/jats:italic> overexpression markedly suppressed LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This study identified three PCD\u2010related biomarkers for LUAD diagnosis, providing new potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/humu\/1743829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T06:40:05Z","timestamp":1755499205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational Analyses Identified Three Diagnostic Biomarkers Associated With Programmed Cell Death for Lung 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