{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:04:11Z","timestamp":1785135851082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":206,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Breast Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer remains a global health challenge due to rising incidence, chemoresistance, and tumor relapse. In cancer management, antibiotics are often used to treat bacterial infections in immunocompromised patients. However, the direct impact of antibiotics on cancer progression and treatment outcomes is not well understood. This study investigated the effects of four antibiotics\u2014ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin\u2010clavulanic acid, tetracycline, and meropenem\u2014on breast cancer cells, both alone and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the MDA\u2010MB\u2010468 breast cancer cell line, we assessed cell viability using the MTT assay. The impact of antibiotics on apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V\/PI flow cytometry. Additionally, we evaluated the expression of stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD24 posttreatment using flow cytometry. Finally, the Luminex assay was used to measure the cytokine and chemokine release by the cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All of the antibiotics reduced cell viability in a time\u2010 and dose\u2010dependent manner but reduced DOX\u2010induced cytotoxicity. The antibiotics also induced early apoptosis in the cells but significantly reduced DOX\u2010induced apoptosis, supporting our earlier observation that these antibiotics diminish the efficacy of DOX chemotherapy. Furthermore, amoxicillin\u2010clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem diminished the efficacy of DOX chemotherapy by promoting stemness in cancer cells. The antibiotics exhibited variable effects on cytokine and chemokine production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although these antibiotics exhibit anticancer activity, their coadministration with DOX may reduce its therapeutic efficacy and promote cancer stemness. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into antibiotic\u2013chemotherapy interactions in breast cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijbc\/9772651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:47:58Z","timestamp":1785134878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Broad\u2010Spectrum Antibiotics Attenuate the Chemotherapeutic Efficacy of Doxorubicin in MDA\u2010MB\u2010468 Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3353-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict 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