{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:31:34Z","timestamp":1792459894829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":361,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004621","name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["404000880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404000880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by various cells in the anterior pituitary gland, mammary glands, placenta, uterus, ovaries, testes, skin, adipose tissue, endothelial cells, immune system, and central nervous system. The expression and secretion of PRL are influenced by several factors such as suckling, thyrotropin\u2010releasing hormone (TRH), cytokines, dopamine, estrogen, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. It operates through a complex receptor, which is expressed in mammary gland cells, pancreatic beta cells, adipocytes, and immune cells. PRL is essential for various physiological functions, in particular milk production, breast development, metabolism, and immune regulation. Serum PRL levels fluctuate daily and can be affected by exercise, diet, and stress. Hyperprolactinemia is linked to autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In viral infections such as HIV, HCMV, HCV, and COVID\u201019, PRL levels are often increased, which may influence the immune responses. PRL can modulate the activity of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, mounting an effective immune response against viral infections. Moreover, PRL influences the production of cytokines that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. PRL stimulates B cells to produce antivirus antibodies that are essential for neutralizing viruses and preventing their spread within the body. PRL levels, varying by sex and life stage, may affect immune responses and susceptibility to viral infections. Moreover, overexpression of PRL was indicated in various autoimmune diseases. Overall, PRL is a complex hormone with significant implications for endocrine function, immune regulation, and immune responses to viral infections, highlighting the need for further research into its diverse roles in health and disease. This review summarizes current knowledge of the immunomodulatory effects of PRL in human viral infections and possibly its contribution to the development of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ije\/2312675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T02:19:14Z","timestamp":1766974754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prolactin: A Key Immunoregulator in Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5531-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Asadikaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Bahrampour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdis","family":"Rahimi Naiini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdollah","family":"Jafarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3436-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clifford","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9100-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Asadikaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/53538"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.7.9945"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156253"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-022-04381-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijciis.ijciis_40_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2022-002351"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prolactin Biology and Laboratory Measurement: An Update on Physiology and Current Analytical Issues","volume":"39","author":"Saleem M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemist Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/170319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10517-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1112987"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","article-title":"Prolactin: A Hormone with Diverse Functions From Mammary Gland Development to Cancer Metastasis","author":"At\u0131c\u0131 \u00d6K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3836"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1257192"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-116-4-1383"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-215-44111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5433-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2004.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-6-639"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301717164895"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.19.3.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.6.7.1508218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-472x(00)00149-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm197112232852604"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090470110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23599"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(01)00420-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2020.0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(97)00096-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.57.1.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1470353"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13408"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154736"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2003.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-5082-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1994.1157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385501"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6630715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24500"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1275"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1624"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1620999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijaai.v20i1.5418"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116178"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90282-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600860"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)35948-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000087907"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1359-6101(00)00005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03738-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80005-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m609101200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1043-4666(02)00496-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.566433"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.4.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000292063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3109(87)90004-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1591(92)90039-q"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199204000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07435809909066142"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00720"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110208"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci16530"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.3.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8185-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.4.426"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-002-0413-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_2","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Functional Hyperprolactinemia and Hypophyseal Microadenoma in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Vera-Lastra O.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reumae.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(91)90094-n"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/732539"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.01972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.77.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_2","first-page":"797","article-title":"Serum Prolactin Concentration in Children With Celiac Disease","volume":"71","author":"Gocy\u0142a U.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatria Polska"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000357064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02938268"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1241130"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301717164994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016427"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci44073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2016.16979"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"Prolactin\u2013Not Only Lactotrophin. A \u201cNew\u201d View of the \u201cOld\u201d Hormone","volume":"63","author":"Ignacak A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-024-00394-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci69485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.143512"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Serum Prolactin Level in Psoriasis: Is It Really Higher Than in Healthy Individuals?","volume":"18","author":"Maryam G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1639"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65639"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_2","volume-title":"Prolactin, Immunoregulation, and Autoimmune Diseases. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism","author":"Jara L. J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1282297"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459408986306"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_2","first-page":"CR177","article-title":"Serum Prolactin Level in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Harirchian M. H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/erc-120004533"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90406-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830200829"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.3.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.5.8626848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655298750026651"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103648"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00726-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.75775"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000204572"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300463"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_2","article-title":"Relation of Serum Prolactin Level to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity: The Effect of Immunosuppressive Medications","volume":"34","author":"Al-Bayyoumy S. A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_2","first-page":"2216","article-title":"Elevated Bioactive Prolactin Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus--Association With Disease Activity","volume":"28","author":"Pacilio M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_2","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Mechanism, Genetics and Current Knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Dong Y.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00827-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_2","first-page":"402","article-title":"A Review of the Effects of Prolactin Hormone and Cytokine on the Development and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"56","author":"Fojt\u00edkov\u00e1 M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vnitrn\u00ed L\u00e9karstv\u00ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20747"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-04415-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.905756"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-5081-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05663"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/586049"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/921819"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_2","unstructured":"AzizzadehM. MalekM. AmiriM. andGhorbaniR. Does Prolactin Indicate Severity of Psoriasis? 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020361"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1199482"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020361"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0812-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00688-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000268"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(96)90140-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723055"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/qaqq-xtcj-8al4-6f5p"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109708330908"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9030044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040206618811413"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/endo:20:1-2:83"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02957-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_172_2","article-title":"Prolactin Concentration in the Serum of Male Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C","author":"Kiciak S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Sectio D Medicina"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01540-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejr.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/mmj.mmj_15_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_177_2","first-page":"700","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Prolactin as a Potential Tumor Marker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"AbdelGhani A. E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menoufia Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hep.2003.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp289"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2357-0121.192542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20212101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_182_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"Changes of Some Hormones Levels in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus-Related Chronic Liver Disease\/Ayfer Serina, Mesut Akarsub, Hale Akpinarb, Ilkay Simsekb","volume":"6","author":"Ayfer S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666181206125545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_184_2","unstructured":"SrinivasaS.andVemanamandaS. Correlation of Relation of Serum Prolactin Level to Child-Pugh Score in Cirrhosis of Liver in Assessing Disease Severity 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516x.173984"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2470-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix400"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4984"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.10.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2008.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_191_2","article-title":"Prolactin Levels Correlate With Abnormal B Cell Maturation in MRL and MRL\/Lpr Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\u2010Like Disease","volume":"2013","author":"Legorreta-Haquet M. V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102946"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082230"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2022.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_197_2","article-title":"Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Upon Male Gonadal Function: A Single Center-Based Study","author":"Ma L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1443"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/ccrep.s10534"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_203_2","volume-title":"PRL (ENSG00000172179) Protein Expression in Blood\u2013The Human Protein Atlas: The Human Protein Atlas Project","author":"Atlas H. P.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1192174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00090-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801105010144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2079322"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-022-01334-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673299246240625084103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221128563"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_212_2","article-title":"Time Course of Biochemical and Metabolic Parameters During and After COVID-19","author":"Abbasi-Jorjandi M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-22-0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/44.4.m131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00711-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_221_2","first-page":"929","article-title":"Pharmacological Causes of Hyperprolactinemia","volume":"3","author":"Torre D. L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36074\/grail-of-science.28.10.2022.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.23072"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o10-022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03967-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801291"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-RubioJ. Navarro-LopezC. Lopez-NajeraE.et al. What is Happening With Smokers and COVID-19? A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis 2020.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0540.v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00433730"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_229_2","first-page":"286","article-title":"The Association of Prolactin and CRP Biomarkers With the Severity of COVID-19 in Thumbay Hospital, Ajman, UAE","volume":"13","author":"Nur A. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13719"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0502"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00886-5"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ije\/2312675","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ije\/2312675","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ije\/2312675","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:30:53Z","timestamp":1772994653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ije\/2312675"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suraiya","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ije\/2312675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ije\/2312675","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-8337","1687-8345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8337","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-8345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2312675"}}