{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:43:47Z","timestamp":1790628227064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82100829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82100829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81300726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81300726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z151100004015021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z151100004015021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory condition linked to thyroid dysfunction, which can result in disfigurement and potential vision loss. Recently, immunomodulatory therapies such as rituximab have demonstrated potential benefit in managing TED. However, the optimal dosing and timing of rituximab administration remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of early, low\u2010dose rituximab therapy in patients with mild to moderate TED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight untreated patients with mild to moderate TED were enrolled in the study. Weekly rituximab infusions at a low dose (100\u2009mg weekly for 4\u2009weeks) were administered, followed by a 16\u2010week follow\u2010up period. Thyroid function, thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) levels, ophthalmic examinations, and adverse effects were evaluated at each visit. Additionally, orbital MRI, radionuclide orbital imaging, and clinical activity score (CAS) were performed before treatment and at the final follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean follow\u2010up duration was 16\u2009weeks for the eight patients. Detailed baseline patient characteristics were recorded. CD3\u2013CD20 levels decreased significantly after rituximab treatment, compared to baseline levels. TRAb levels also showed a statistically significant decline during the treatment period compared to the baseline levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012). The CAS showed a significant decrease from baseline to 16\u2009weeks post\u2010treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.027). There were no significant differences in orbital MRI imaging before and after treatment yet. Nuclear medicine orbital imaging assessment indicated an improvement trend in orbital inflammatory activity among patients. Few adverse effects were observed during the therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The preliminary exploratory study suggested that the early low\u2010dose rituximab treatment (100\u2009mg weekly for 4\u2009weeks) may be associated with immunological changes (TRAb reduction, B\u2010cell depletion) in patients with early progressive, mild\u2010to\u2010moderate TED. These hypothesis\u2010generating findings require validation in randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trials with adequate sample sizes and longer follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ije\/9495296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T08:26:34Z","timestamp":1768379194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early Low\u2010Dose Rituximab for Mild\u2010to\u2010Moderate Thyroid Eye Disease: A Preliminary Evaluation of Efficacy and 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