{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T21:59:40Z","timestamp":1791064780873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":119,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fruits are important dietary sources of nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidants essential for human health. In many developing countries, calcium carbide (CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is widely used as a low\u2010cost artificial ripening agent despite its associated health risks. This study evaluated the impact of CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ripening on the nutritional composition, phytochemical content, antioxidant properties and elemental profile of banana (\n                    <jats:italic>Musa<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), mango (\n                    <jats:italic>Mangifera indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and plantain (\n                    <jats:italic>Musa paradisiaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Fruits were naturally ripened (control) or treated with 10 or 30\u2009g\/kg CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Standard analytical methods were used to determine proximate composition, phytochemicals, antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and TPC), vitamins, mineral elements and heavy metals. CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    treatment significantly increased ash content while reducing protein, carbohydrate and lipid levels, with fibre responses varying among fruits. Phytochemical profiles were altered in a dose\u2010dependent and fruit\u2010specific manner, including reductions in alkaloids and polyphenols and increases in flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidant vitamins (C and E) decreased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), and antioxidant activities were generally suppressed, particularly DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Mineral concentrations increased due to contributions from CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , while toxic heavy metals (arsenic, lead and cadmium) were present in CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and accumulated significantly in treated fruits, with arsenic showing the greatest increase. Collectively, these changes indicate that CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    not only accelerates ripening but may also promote progression toward overripening, leading to nutrient depletion and biochemical deterioration. This study provides an integrated, multiparameter evaluation of CaC\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced ripening across multiple climacteric fruits and demonstrates direct transfer of toxic contaminants into edible tissues. The findings highlight significant food safety concerns and underscore the need for stricter regulation, control and the promotion of safer, sustainable ripening alternatives.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:40:40Z","timestamp":1777542040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Chemical Ripening With Calcium Carbide on Nutritional Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Climacteric Fruits"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abduljalil Muhammad","family":"Mode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar Faruk","family":"Magaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa Sodiq","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi","family":"Dandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Aliyu","family":"Dabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsudeen Umar","family":"Dandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30370-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYAD171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1475496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/PP.15.01361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCONT.2024.110626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/TOXRES\/TFAD061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52483-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Calcium Carbide as a Ripening Agent on the Nutritional Value and Heavy Metal Content of Banana and Orange","volume":"53","author":"Olubiyo G. T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nigerian Agricultural Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-JBN-2022-0101EN"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21124\/TBS.2025.60.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","volume-title":"List of Restricted Chemicals","author":"National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15538362.2020.1735601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3873198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/PLCELL\/KOAD048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201501323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Calcium Carbide on Induce Ripening of Banana, Pawpaw and Mango Cultivated Within Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Adeyemi M. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMMR\/2021\/V33I2131135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/AJRB\/2025\/V15I2367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"Association of Official Analytical Chemistry International","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","first-page":"458","article-title":"Flavonoids and Condensed Tannins From Leaves of Hawaiian Vaccinium reticulatum and V. calycinum (Ericaceae)","volume":"48","author":"Bohm B. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pacific Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","volume-title":"Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis","author":"Harborne J. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","volume-title":"The Chemical Analysis of Foods","author":"Pearson D.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJFOOD\/VVAF102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JSFA.2740360102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4895195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/NJBAS.V25I1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/280837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/EJNFS\/2024\/V16I121600"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2520179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JXB\/ERAC187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46602\/JCSN.V45I4.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","first-page":"1664","article-title":"Eating Artificially Ripened Fruits Is Harmful","volume":"99","author":"Siddiqui M. W.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00617-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2021.131804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES27155014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2025.145326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JSFA.4732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajft.2018.23.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/232969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/FOODS12010173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2021.E07123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/AJBGMB\/2025\/V17I5467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.POSTHARVBIO.2022.112028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOCHA.2023.100191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.60787\/WAPCP-33-1-259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S13205-017-0991-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12298-023-01354-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-024-02712-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2010.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/JNS.2025.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84426-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7753\/IJSEA0901.1003","article-title":"Effect of Calcium Carbide on Concentration of Trace Elements in Fruits Grown Within Kaduna Metropolis","volume":"9","author":"Bawa M. H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Calcium Carbide (CaC2) Induced Ripening\u2026 Calcium Carbide (CaC2) Induced Ripening on the Nutritional Value and Mineral Concentrations of Selected Fruits","volume":"5","author":"Salisu N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOCHA.2022.100045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CRYST10060471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7mt00136c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-016-0057-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.07.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0035919X.2022.2164807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2019.1671990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-018-0067-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2024.172556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140360"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:40:47Z","timestamp":1777542047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Poulami","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijfo\/7226409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2356-7015","2314-5765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2356-7015","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-5765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7226409"}}