{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:09:36Z","timestamp":1784632176370,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":201,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>End\u2010stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are particularly susceptible to hypertension, as blood pressure (BP) dysregulation leads to increased mortality and morbidity, especially considering the heightened risk of cardiovascular complications, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure. Given the lack of specific guidelines on therapies aimed at achieving adequate BP control in ESRD patients, we conducted a thorough literature review to identify relevant studies and articles exploring the associations of various therapies in ESRD patients and to provide a qualitative analysis based on these results. These include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), beta\u2010blockers, diuretics, alpha\u20102 agonists, and direct vasodilators. ARBs are not affected by dialysis, while ACE inhibitors are dialyzable. Studies suggest that the incidence of cardiovascular events is significantly lower in ESRD patients receiving treatment compared to those without treatment. CCBs are nondialyzable and, thus, serve as a second\u2010line treatment for BP control in ESRD patients. Limited evidence suggests that diuretic\u2010based combination therapy may improve BP control in selected hemodialysis patients, but its effect on cardiovascular mortality remains uncertain. Beta\u2010blockers have demonstrated a favorable profile but differ in dialyzability and cardioselectivity, making it challenging to endorse an ideal choice of drug. Direct vasodilators have been shown to reduce left ventricular hypertrophy, but further studies are needed to determine optimal dosing strategies. Clonidine, an alpha\u20102 agonist, lacks safety and efficacy evaluations but has been shown to reduce BP in ESRD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:49:10Z","timestamp":1784630950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on the Efficacy of Antihypertensives in Patients With End\u2010Stage Renal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Oluwakorede","family":"Akele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnedindu","family":"Asogwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennifer","family":"Wahbah Makhoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"El-Gharib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3385-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5806-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaukika","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Agberien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngowari","family":"Pokima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"El-Sayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.109.144899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(03)00366-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000143892.84582.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199809173391203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(96)90357-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.108.807362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401408010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12838"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000230","article-title":"Hypertension in Patients Treated with In-Center Maintenance Hemodialysis: Current Evidence and Future Opportunities: a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"80","author":"Bansal N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.110.154815"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0894-0959.2004.17323.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2008.00304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2017101102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.20.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients","volume":"45","author":"Workgroup K. \/D. O. Q. I.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.01510308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-023-00240-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.115.06895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000196279.29758.f4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2021-0146","article-title":"Factors Associated with Nonachievement of Target Blood Pressure in Patients on Antithrombotic Therapy: a Real-World Study","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMA J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.08530815"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0131-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2013.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.60.suppl_1.A345","article-title":"Abstract 345: Effects of Physical Exercise on Blood Pressure of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"60","author":"Scapini K. B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000524518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220601095785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01576.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","first-page":"1784","article-title":"Blood Pressure and long-term Mortality in United States Hemodialysis Patients: USRDS Waves 3 and 4 Study","volume":"62","author":"Foley R. N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijnrd.s414774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2014040324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(03)00241-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-s011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.36340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2210639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.2011.7763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.v12122832"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0605-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000006525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000028322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03307-9","article-title":"Effects of ACE Inhibitors, Calcium Antagonists, and Other blood-pressure-lowering Drugs: Results of Prospectively Designed Overviews of Randomised Trials","volume":"356","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199700131-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011064.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022x.2010.502276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2008.07439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200309000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65643-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.05080418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2016121341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2022.2163903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra0907219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/crd.0000000000000404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.109.129171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139x.2009.00697.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0004342020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5301\/JN.2011.6252","article-title":"Improvement of Hypertension and LVH in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Treated with sustained-release Isosorbide Mononitrate","volume":"24","author":"Li H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_2","volume-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Yasaei R.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198000021-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_2","volume-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Manzon L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000525424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Use of Transdermal Clonidine in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"39","author":"Rosansky S. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-135-35155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90718-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.00870116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.09421209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03264-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2023.100251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.12371214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000531890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Severe Hypertension in Chronic Renal Failure Treated Successfully with Minoxidil","volume":"11","author":"Schacht R. A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198000022-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1012168020545"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:49:13Z","timestamp":1784630953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijhy\/9930482","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0384","2090-0392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0384","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9930482"}}