{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:05:27Z","timestamp":1793232327043,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":117,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The widespread use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of Gram\u2010negative bacterial infections has contributed to the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. However, limited studies have systematically analyzed the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR) and its associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis were conducted, screening studies published between January 1, 2014, and October 31, 2024, from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases. Studies were included based on the following criteria: observational designs, evaluation of Gram\u2010negative bacteria for FQR in human subjects, and investigation of FQR and associated risk factors. Data analysis, including pooled prevalence estimation and odds ratio calculation, was performed using R Studio (Version 4.2.3) with the metafor package. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics. A funnel plot was used to assess potential publication bias among the included studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 24 studies were included in the systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. The pooled prevalence of FQR across pathogens was 35% (95% CI: 30%\u201340%), with species\u2010specific rates of\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (49%),\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (35%),\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (23%),\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (40%),\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (34%),\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (45%), and others (26%). Subgroup analyses showed variation by fluoroquinolone generation and year of publication, with\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      displaying increasing resistance trends over time. Risk factors significantly associated with FQR included the presence of an indwelling catheter, advanced age, prior hospitalization, previous fluoroquinolone or other antibiotic use, drug\u2010resistant TB, international travel, sex, and unfavorable treatment outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although the overall prevalence of FQR was modest, increasing trends in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the presence of multiple associated risk factors highlight important clinical implications. These findings emphasize the need to consider prior antibiotic use and hospitalization when guiding treatment and antimicrobial stewardship. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity and variability across the included studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/3173058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:02:55Z","timestamp":1777374175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Major Bacterial Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6047-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I Made Bayu","family":"Anggriawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ike 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