{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:28:51Z","timestamp":1773008931524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009647","name":"University Grants Commission- Nepal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRS-78-79-HS-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRS-78-79-HS-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Clinically challenging bacterial infections are caused by microorganisms producing extended\u2010spectrum\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010lactamase (AmpC), and carbapenemases, which confer antibiotic resistance and may result in treatment failure. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase\u2010producing clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study was a cross\u2010sectional study. A total of 362 isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli, K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    from urine, blood, pus, sputum, swab, and endotracheal (ET) tube tips were obtained from patients attending Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, during March 2022 to October 2022. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase was done by combined disk test and modified Hodge test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The prevalence of ESBL among isolates was found to be 58.3%. Confirmative tests showed 65.3%\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 30.2%\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 17.7%\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were AmpC producers. Among the carbapenem\u2010resistant isolates, 81.7% showed phenotypic evidence of carbapenemase production based on the modified Hodge test. Additionally, 9.9% and 5.2% of isolates demonstrated phenotypic characteristics suggestive of metallo\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010lactamase (MBL) and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    carbapenemase (KPC) activity, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The ESBL production was the predominant mechanism of resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010lactam drugs, followed by AmpC and carbapenemase production. Routine identification and monitoring of these organisms, followed by detection of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010lactamase production, optimize the effective management and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/3559197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T11:19:13Z","timestamp":1752491953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Trends of Beta\u2010Lactamases in Western Nepal: A Growing Public Health 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