{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:58:46Z","timestamp":1790416726468,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":268,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chlorhexidine, cetrimide, chloroxylenol, and povidone iodine, in various combinations and concentrations are widely used antiseptics in clinical settings for skin antisepsis and hand hygiene in India. Evidences suggest that exposure of bacterial pathogens to antiseptics over a period of time can result in adaptation of bacteria resulting in tolerance and cross\u2010resistance towards antiseptics and antibiotics. Given the crucial role that antiseptics play in reducing infection and preventing the spread of AMR, understanding the adaptation to antiseptics becomes a critical element in using them effectively. This study is aimed at determining the behavior of two clinically relevant species\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    adapted to chlorhexidine (CHG), cetrimide, chloroxylenol (PCMX), and povidone iodine (PVP\u2010I). In particular, we have evaluated changes in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), cross\u2010tolerance\/resistance to both antibiotics and antiseptics and biofilm formation capability post the evolution study towards respective biocides. Both the studied bacterial species adapted to concentrations of antiseptics higher than their initial MICs. Among the adapted strains,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    cetrimide showed tolerance to cetrimide with a 16\u2010fold increase in MIC. Similarly, a 4\u2010fold increase in MIC against PVP\u2010I was observed in\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    PVP\u2010I strain, indicating tolerance to PVP\u2010I. Cross\u2010adaptation studies indicated cross\u2010tolerance of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    CHG and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    cetrimide to cetrimide and CHG, respectively. Among seven antibiotics tested,\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCMX showed antibiotic resistance towards tetracycline and imipenem. A concomitant change in biofilm formation, indicated by an increased specific biofilm formation value was also observed. Moreover, CHG, cetrimide and PVP\u2010I adapted\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains showed sensitivity towards antibiotics, gentamicin, piperacillin, and tetracycline, a functional trade\u2010off for survival at high antiseptic concentrations. Collectively, these in vitro findings suggest that the decision to use appropriate antiseptics should be based not solely on antiseptic and antibiotic susceptibility data, but also on pathogens to be neutralized, and specific phenotypic factors like bacterial fitness and biofilm\u2010formation capabilities. Thus, frequent clinical microbiological monitoring with respect to antiseptic usage is crucial in controlling infection and spread of AMR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/5044102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:18:21Z","timestamp":1790414301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Incremental Antiseptic Selection on Antibiotic Cross\u2010Resistance and Enhanced Biofilm Formation in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n                    : In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megha","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratheesh N.","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9132-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulpreet","family":"Bhui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3954-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepa","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.12.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02394-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.151161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00958-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48752-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00682-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202305_32298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b02588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2022.1352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01162-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","volume-title":"CLSI Supplement M100","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","volume-title":"CLSI M100 ED36","author":"MicroFree Portal","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01637-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5020018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01178-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.8.752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","volume-title":"Acinetobacter Infection: Treatment and Prevention","author":"Kanafani Z. A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04677-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01892-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00197-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/3134775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28643-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03364-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01972-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01950-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251320912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.680553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0202-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/6013-vetmed"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090956"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000335599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03735-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00352-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09530-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00682-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/CPR.13.50"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/5044102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijm\/5044102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/5044102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:18:29Z","timestamp":1790414309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijm\/5044102"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Swaran J. S.","family":"Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijm\/5044102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijm\/5044102","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-918X","1687-9198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-918X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5044102"}}