{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:29:54Z","timestamp":1773008994620,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022299","name":"School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43003127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43003127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objective(s):<\/jats:bold>\n Multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria and priority pathogens, including MRSA, are frequently found in hospital wastewaters. It is crucial to investigate the genetic diversity, biofilm formation, and virulence analysis of\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from hospital wastewaters.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n In this cross\u2010sectional study, 70\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from hospital wastewaters were subjected to characterization through antimicrobial susceptibility tests, biofilm formation, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR analysis for detecting resistance (\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mecC<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mupB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mupA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n msr(A)<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n msr(B)<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n erm<\/jats:italic>\n (A),\n erm<\/jats:italic>\n (B),\n erm<\/jats:italic>\n (C),\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n (M),\n ant<\/jats:italic>\n (4\u2009\n \u2032<\/jats:sup>\n )\n -Ia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n aac<\/jats:italic>\n (6\u2009\n \u2032<\/jats:sup>\n )\n -Ie\/aph<\/jats:italic>\n (2\u2009\n \u2033<\/jats:sup>\n ), and\n aph<\/jats:italic>\n (3\u2009\n \u2032<\/jats:sup>\n )\n -IIIa<\/jats:italic>\n ) and virulence genes (\n eta<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n etb<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n pvl<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n tst<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Our results showed that 55.7%, 31.4%, and 12.9% of isolates were classified as strong, intermediate, and weak biofilm\u2010forming strains, respectively. Our result revealed that about three\u2010quarters of isolates harbored\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n (100%),\n ant<\/jats:italic>\n (4\u2009\n \u2032<\/jats:sup>\n )\n -Ia<\/jats:italic>\n (100%),\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n (M) (92.9%),\n erm<\/jats:italic>\n (B) (80%), and\n msr<\/jats:italic>\n (A) (74.3%) resistance genes. MLST revealed that the 70 isolates belonged to five clonal complexes, including CC8 (52.9%), followed by CC30 (15.7%), CC5 (14.3%), CC1 (11.4%), and CC22 (5.7%). The vast majority of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates belonged to CC8\/ST239\u2010MRSA (21.5%). Among the 39 strong biofilm producers, the majority (25.6%) belonged to CC8\/ST239\u2010MRSA clone. Our result revealed that about one\u2010third of Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin (PVL)\u2013positive strains belonged to CC30\/ST30. The high\u2010level mupirocin\u2010resistant (HLMUPR) isolates belonged to CC8\/ST239\u2010MRSA (36%), CC30\/ST30\u2010MRSA (16%), CC8\/ST8\u2010MRSA (12%), CC5\/ST5\u2010MRSA (12%), CC8\/ST585\u2010MRSA (8%), CC5\/ST225\u2010MRSA (8%), CC5\/ST1637\u2010MRSA (4%), and CC8\/ST1465\u2010MRSA (4%) lineages carrying\n mupA<\/jats:italic>\n . The VRSA strain belonged to the CC8\/ST239\u2010MRSA, CC8\/ST8\u2010MRSA, and CC22\/ST22\u2010MRSA clonal lineages, carrying the\n vanA<\/jats:italic>\n determinant.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n These findings highlight significant genotypic diversity and high biofilm formation among our isolates. From this study, we identified highly virulent strains of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n associated with biofilm production and drug resistance; some of these strains were highly similar, highlighting the possibility of rapid spread. The high prevalence of CC8 and CC30 clones among\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains reflects the emergence of these lineages as successful clones in hospital wastewaters in Iran, which is a serious concern. The study highlights the importance of wastewater surveillance to understand genetic pattern and antimicrobial resistance profiles in surrounding communities, which can in turn support public health efforts.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/5458315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T01:20:07Z","timestamp":1741915207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unveiling the Genetic Landscape of\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n Isolated From Hospital Wastewaters: Emergence of Hypervirulent CC8 Strains in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9266-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh Sadat","family":"Tabatabaie 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