{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:41:52Z","timestamp":1782520912954,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":125,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cholera is a life\u2010threatening diarrheal disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with recurring outbreaks in Iraq, including the Kurdistan Region. Despite its endemic nature, outbreaks have primarily been reported by the health sector without comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigations. Limited studies have characterized outbreak dynamics, prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance, hindering effective public health interventions. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibiotic resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from the 2023 outbreak in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq. A total of 1200 diarrheic stool samples were collected from Shar Hospital between July and October 2023. Bacterial isolation was performed using microbiological methods and automated VITEK 2 analysis, followed by serological identification (O1 and O139 antisera) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted to assess resistance patterns. The outbreak prevalence was 0.015%, with the highest infection rate in August (0.009%). The overall infection rate was 28.91% (347\/1200), with the most affected age groups being 19\u201333 years (27.66%) and 34\u201348 years (26.22%). Infection was more common in females (55.6%) than males (44.4%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high genetic similarity to the\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kuwait1 strain, suggesting potential introduction from southern Iraq, possibly due to an influx of tourists. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were susceptible to most tested antibiotics; however, complete resistance (100%) was observed against amikacin, amoxicillin, amoxiclav, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim, with partial resistance (30%) to tetracycline. Cholera remains a major public health concern in Kurdistan, particularly in Sulaymaniyah, due to recurrent outbreaks. Molecular techniques provided crucial insights into outbreak tracking and genetic relatedness, while AST profiling highlighted the urgent need for revised treatment guidelines. Strengthening water sanitation, continuous antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and targeted public health interventions are essential for preventing future outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/5539834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1746501603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    in an Acute Watery Diarrhea Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hastyar Hamarashid","family":"Najmuldeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karzan Rafiq","family":"Sidiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakher Karim","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karzan Taha","family":"Abubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7250-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazin Frya","family":"Faraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3819-3699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sima Rahman","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2363-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina Khalil","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nozad Hussein","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/IJTMGH.2018.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Health Topics Cholera 2003 https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/health-topics\/cholera\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200611001-00527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30559-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","volume-title":"Significance, Prevention and Control of Food Related Diseases","author":"Saulat J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)15328-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60436-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Cholera Key Facts March 2003 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cholera."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","volume-title":"Baron SMedical Microbiology","author":"Finkelstein R. 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