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Such resistance threatens both animal and human health. Its ability to acquire genes from gram\u2010positive bacteria highlights the need for surveillance in avian reservoirs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to characterize oxazolidinone\u2010 and phenicol\u2010resistance determinants among 197\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from avian sources in Tunisia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Isolates were studied by determining their antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method, and resistant isolates were screened by PCR for\n                      <jats:italic>fexA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>fexB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , RE\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>cmeABC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cfr<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>optrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resistance rates were alarmingly high (57.6%\u2013100%) across multiple antibiotic classes, and the majority were multidrug resistant. Among 155 (78.7%) chloramphenicol\u2010resistant isolates, the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>optrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cfr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>fexA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , RE\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>cmeABC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>fexB<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 85%, 55%, 75%, 46%, 42%, and 22%, respectively, with most isolates harboring multiple genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness among Tunisian\n                      <jats:italic>optrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>fexB<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences and similarities with those reported in\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., suggesting intergenus gene exchange.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study reports for the first time the detection of\n                      <jats:italic>fexB<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and its co\u2010occurrence with\n                      <jats:italic>optrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , highlighting its potential role as a reservoir of transferable resistance genes. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/5554843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:46:05Z","timestamp":1772988365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of the Phenicol Efflux Gene\n                    <i>fexB<\/i>\n                    and Its Co\u2010Occurrence With the Oxazolidinone\/Phenicol Resistance Gene\n                    <i>optrA<\/i>\n                    in Avian\n                    <i>Campylobacter jejuni<\/i>\n                    Isolates From 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