{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1777983871880,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":124,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hospital surfaces represent a major reservoir of multidrug\u2010resistant Gram\u2010negative bacteria (MDR\u2010GNB), which contributes to healthcare\u2010associated infections. This study characterized the occurrence, resistance determinants, and biofilm\u2010forming behavior of MDR\u2010GNB isolated from hospital surfaces in a Moroccan regional hospital. Samples were collected from multiple departments and subjected to phenotypic and molecular analysis to characterize antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes, and adhesion properties. Among the 154 sampled surfaces, 62% were contaminated with Gram\u2010negative bacilli, predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (39%),\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (21%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (11%). Based on molecular analyses, the key resistance genes were\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>qac\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    E1, and 73% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (a multiple antibiotic resistance index \u2265\u20090.6). The majority of the isolates (72.7%) were weak biofilm producers. The isolates adhered more strongly to hydrophobic materials (polyvinyl chloride and latex) than to hydrophilic glass (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering linked antimicrobial resistance, biocide tolerance, and surface colonization. The co\u2010occurrence of antibiotic\u2010 and disinfectant\u2010resistance genes in MDR\u2010GNB underlies their ability to persist in clinical environments. These findings support risk\u2010based surface hygiene strategies that incorporate molecular surveillance, the selection of proper materials, and targeted disinfection protocols.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/5734443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:10:02Z","timestamp":1777983002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface Contamination by Multidrug\u2010Resistant Gram\u2010Negative Bacteria in a Healthcare Facility: Resistance Determinants and Biofilm\u2010Associated 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