{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:10:41Z","timestamp":1774523441072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":64,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007487","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UACM-CCyT-2024-CON-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UACM-CCyT-2024-CON-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Silymarin is a natural polyphenol known for its broad range of biological effects, and research conducted in macrophages and mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have highlighted its potential as a complementary treatment for tuberculosis. Silymarin modulates multiple cellular signaling pathways associated with various aspects of the immune response. However, its effect on the control of\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in pulmonary epithelial cells is still not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of silymarin on the infection control and immune response of A549 pulmonary epithelial cells infected with\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    H37Ra. Our findings showed that the A549\u2009cell line was more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of silymarin, particularly to silibinin. The treatment of A549\u2009cells with a dose of 50\u2009\u03bcM favors the control of infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    H37Ra. The treatment resulted in a reduction of the inflammatory response, which correlates with lower activation of pNF\u2010\u03baB. Additionally, the treatment affects the expression of miRNAs that may target several genes involved in immune response signaling pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway, the apoptosis pathway, the JAK\u2010STAT signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, and the NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathway. Our results suggest that silymarin treatment contributes to the control of infection and protects the pulmonary epithelium by decreasing the inflammatory response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/6857121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:39:11Z","timestamp":1773002351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Silymarin Reduces the Inflammatory Response and the Burden of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    H37Ra Infection in Human Lung A549 Cells"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Norma L.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga N.","family":"Hernandez De La 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