{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:46:11Z","timestamp":1788918371332,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":321,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019305","name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIV\/FDF-009\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIV\/FDF-009\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019305","name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIV\/FDF-006\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIV\/FDF-006\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are significant causes of respiratory infections, particularly in children, yet their epidemiology remains poorly understood in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. HPIVs contribute to 20%\u201340% of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and are a leading cause of croup and hospitalizations. This study was aimed at determining the incidence, distribution, and clinical and laboratory characteristics of HPIV in hospitalized acute febrile illness (AFI) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 12,409 AFI cases from 2016 to 2018 were tested for HPIVs via molecular methods. RNA was extracted from throat swab samples and tested via multiplex real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR for HPIV Serotypes 1\u20134. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of HPIV\u2010positive patients were analyzed statistically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPIVs were detected in 217 (1.75%) patients, with HPIV\u20103 (49.77%) being the most prevalent, followed by HPIV\u20104 (18.90%), HPIV\u20102 (17.52%), and HPIV\u20101 (13.83%). HPIV\u20103 exhibited distinct seasonal peaks, mainly affecting children (1\u20139 years). Significant variations in hematological and biochemical markers were observed among serotypes and age groups. Upper and lower respiratory symptoms, along with gastrointestinal issues and systemic manifestations such as chills, myalgia, and weakness, are commonly reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPIVs contribute to respiratory illness across diverse demographics. HPIV\u20103 is the predominant serotype, with distinct seasonal and age\u2010related patterns. Improved surveillance and diagnostics could aid in better management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/7072067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T10:36:32Z","timestamp":1763462192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution and Clinical Profile of Human Parainfluenza Viruses in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Febrile Illness"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7994-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santhosha","family":"Devadiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2388-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nachiket M.","family":"Godbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad","family":"Varamballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiranjay","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anup","family":"Jayaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01875-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RimaB. Balkema-BuschmannA. DundonW. G. DuprexP. EastonA. FouchierR. KurathG. LambR. LeeB. RotaP. WangL. andIctv Report Consortium ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile:Paramyxoviridae 100 no. 12 1593\u20131594 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001328.","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","unstructured":"Govindakarnavar A. Annual Report of Hospital Based Surveillance of Acute Febrile Illness in India 2017 [Internet]. Manipal; 2017 Dec [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from:http:\/\/www.thevirus.in."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106213442507"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"David M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.817-820.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2011.640976"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.05.002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/7072067","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijm\/7072067","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/7072067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:37:17Z","timestamp":1773002237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijm\/7072067"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijm\/7072067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijm\/7072067","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-918X","1687-9198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-918X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7072067"}}