{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:56:55Z","timestamp":1781762215165,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":167,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is acknowledged that COVID\u201019 pandemic triggered by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 outbreak demands the development of efficient antiviral modalities independent of traditional vaccines and antiviral reagents. Metallic nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles (Ag\u2010NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO\u2010NPs), have attracted considerable attention as promising antiviral agents due to their distinctive physicochemical properties and universal antimicrobial activity. This article examines the progress made between (2021 and 2025) in the green synthesis and the antiviral applications of Ag\u2010NPs and ZnO\u2010NPs against Coronavirus. The environmental friendly synthesis protocols using natural plant juices have been highlighted in this article due to their lower toxicity and greater biocompatibility. Various characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), and UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometry, have been used to examine nanoparticle morphology, stability, and surface characteristics. The findings reveald that Ag\u2010NPs can suppress the viral replication by interacting strongly with S proteins, thereby hindering the cellular entry of the targeted Coronavirus. In contrast, ZnO\u2010NPs showed that they have dual purposes: direct antiviral effects and immunomodulatory effects that involve cytokine regulation. The antiviral properties and the limitations of the individual nanoparticles are significantly modified by hybrid nanocomposites. In closing, the significance of using green\u2010synthesized Ag\u2010NPs and ZnO\u2010NPs as antiviral materials is tremendous and warrants further exploration for antiviral applications. Nonetheless, there are still some unaddressed areas concerning the standardization of synthesis techniques and the validation of prolonged safety. Finally, it has been proven that there is a need for collaboration between nanotechnology and green technology in the development of environmentally benign, and universal antiviral medications against any future coronavirus pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/7207868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:48:25Z","timestamp":1781761705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiviral Properties of Green\u2010Synthesized Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Coronaviruses: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2473-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E. A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa N.","family":"Abdulqader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safaa A. M.","family":"Abdel-Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4915-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atef S.","family":"Elgebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soheir A. A.","family":"Hagras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_26_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA07988C"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00295-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010039"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_4_2","article-title":"The Symptoms, Contagious Process, Prevention and Post Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Parvin F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1263PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112752"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_8_2","first-page":"379","article-title":"Scaling Up the Global COVID-19 Vaccination Program: Production, Allocation, and Distribution With an Emphasis on Equity","volume":"95","author":"Louden E. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118273"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2011.39.2.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.110700"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073060"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100541"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_16_2","volume-title":"Beyond DNA-Targeting in Cancer Chemotherapy Emerging Frontiers-A Review","author":"Odhiambo R. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry7110145"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040742"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4292-9_10","volume-title":"Ethnopharmacology and OMICS Advances in Medicinal Plants Volume 2: Revealing the Secrets of Medicinal Plants","author":"Chowdhury S. S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1118761"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429295188","volume-title":"Colloidal Synthesis of Plasmonic Nanometals","author":"Liz-Marz\u00e1n L. M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app132312600"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA07519F"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN01129K"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45038-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03920-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2011.270.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2018.4308"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/ijpi.13.3.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-023-01129-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062160"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_32_2","volume-title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aloe Vera: A Study on Optical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity","author":"Singh S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01926-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36349\/easjpp.2024.v06i04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00880C"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103518"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12173066"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2025-0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min13010091"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15010024"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030684"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12101764"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-025-02894-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2025.00206"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13090345"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf347"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_47_2","volume-title":"Fighting Multidrug Resistance With Herbal Extracts, Essential Oils and Their Components","author":"Rai M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202400380"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30092004"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15030202"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113104"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15789\/2220-7619-TIB-17749"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081836"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020139"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413719666230608112014"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10910"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122034"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.2c00195"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2024.2356147"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X221095382"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2022.2068585"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082086"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00078-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098425"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04117"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413717666210618103632"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_67_2","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Antibacterial and Antiviral Functional Materials, Volume 2","author":"Saraswathi K. A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060314"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14050397"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1599113"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_71_2","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Strategies to Prevent Catheters-Associated Medical Infections","author":"Ricardo S. I. D. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083520"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene3030020"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c04961"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.812474"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060800"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03344-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01820-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082489"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228836"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119558"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_83_2","volume-title":"Efficacy of Green Synthesised Silver-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Against Multi-Drug Resistant Non-Typhoidal Salmonella spp","author":"Arya P. R.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020437"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040791"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-017-1079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2098687"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00103-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070760"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23429"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112586"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01883J"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182867"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2025.2505062"},{"key":"e_1_2_26_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S547270"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/7207868","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijm\/7207868","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/7207868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:48:29Z","timestamp":1781761709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijm\/7207868"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijm\/7207868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijm\/7207868","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-918X","1687-9198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-918X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7207868"}}