{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:12:47Z","timestamp":1779354767421,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":140,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequent and costly postoperative complications, contributing to increased morbidity, extended hospitalization, and healthcare burden. Although guidelines support single\u2010dose antibiotic prophylaxis for most surgeries, multi\u2010dose regimens remain widely used in clinical practice, especially in high\u2010risk procedures. This review aimed to compare the effectiveness of single\u2010dose versus multiple\u2010dose prophylactic antibiotic regimens in preventing postoperative infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched up to February 2025. Studies involving human participants undergoing surgery, comparing single\u2010 and multiple\u2010dose antibiotic prophylaxis with infection\u2010related outcomes, were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 and MINORS tools. Meta\u2010analyses were performed using random\u2010effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010seven studies encompassing various surgical disciplines and patient populations were included. No statistically significant difference in SSI rates was observed between single\u2010 and multiple\u2010dose groups (OR: 1.10 [95% CI: 0.87\u20131.39],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.43). Similarly, no differences were detected for other postoperative infections, mortality, or readmissions. Heterogeneity was moderate to high across analyses. Most studies reported comparable infection outcomes despite differences in antibiotic type, follow\u2010up duration, and surgical setting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single\u2010dose antibiotic prophylaxis is as effective as multiple\u2010dose regimens in reducing postoperative infections in most surgical contexts. These findings support current recommendations favoring single\u2010dose administration and reinforce antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Extended prophylaxis should be reserved for selected high\u2010risk cases rather than routine use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/8368761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:59:25Z","timestamp":1779353965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Single\u2010Dose vs. Multi\u2010Dose Prophylactic Antibiotics in Reducing Post\u2010Surgical Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9809-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sariya","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3454-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Amro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4074-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muddassir","family":"Khalidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5612-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6678-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mable","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1090-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"El Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","first-page":"e276","article-title":"Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection","volume":"16","author":"Solomkin J. S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.10.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2025.109168"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","volume-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)","author":"PRISMA","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","unstructured":"Rayyan Rayyan.ai https:\/\/rayyan.ai\/users\/sign_in."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","unstructured":"Cochrane Methods Risk Of Bias 2 (Rob 2) Tool 2017 https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/risk-bias-2."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Single Dose Versus 24 Hours Antibiotic Prophylaxis Against Surgical Site Infections","volume":"13","author":"Abro A. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.33.BJO-2021-0181.R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/tru.2024.482596.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.68.804.811"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2008.00908.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.02.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sart.2021.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.142.7.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.31583"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80220-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9738\/CC91.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v72i4.4342"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2014.14.3.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(87)90121-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","first-page":"756","article-title":"Role of Postoperative Antibiotics After Appendectomy in Non-Perforated Appendicitis","volume":"22","author":"Hussain M. I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-013-0695-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Single Dose Versus Multi Dose Cephradine as Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Elective Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"21","author":"Jabeen S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80217-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e305"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-13-89"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2024.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90092-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.9.PEDS21416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5837"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","first-page":"815","article-title":"Evaluation of Postoperative Antibiotics After Non-Perforated Appendectomy","volume":"65","author":"Rafiq M. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(87)90139-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.8.2.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2000.110384"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparative Study of Single Dose Per-Operative Metronidazole Versus Multiple Doses Postoperative Metronidazole in Acute Non-Complicated Appendicitis: A View on Postoperative Complications","volume":"7","author":"Salih E. K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2006.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00063-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10033-1590"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Antibiotic Prophylaxis Protocols and Surgical Site Infection Rates in Trauma Surgery: A Prospective Regional Study of 26,849 Procedures","volume":"88","author":"Warnock M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ulster Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12517"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v74i6.6455"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/8368761","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijm\/8368761","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijm\/8368761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:59:30Z","timestamp":1779353970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijm\/8368761"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shibiao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijm\/8368761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijm\/8368761","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-918X","1687-9198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-918X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8368761"}}