{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:27:50Z","timestamp":1787754470759,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":237,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lanthanum carbonate is a noncalcium phosphate binder used in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in dialysis populations. Gastroduodenal lanthanum deposition is now a recognized histopathologic finding, but its clinical importance is heterogeneous. The central clinical question is not whether lanthanum can be found in the mucosa but when deposition should be interpreted as a possible contributor to mucosal injury and, otherwise, unexplained bleeding\u2010anemia phenotypes. Available evidence supports a spectrum from incidental histologic deposition to a smaller clinically meaningful subset associated with melena, occult or chronic upper gastrointestinal blood loss, iron deficiency, recurrent transfusion requirement, or erythropoiesis\u2010stimulating agent (ESA) hyporesponsiveness. Characteristic whitish lesions are useful endoscopic clues, but deposition can also occur in nonwhitish or minimally abnormal mucosa. Histopathology typically shows histiocyte\u2010rich accumulation of granular eosinophilic or light\u2010brown material, sometimes with a foreign\u2010body\u2010type reaction. A plausible subset\u2010specific pathway links mucosal deposition and macrophage activation to epithelial injury, chronic microbleeding, iron\u2010restricted erythropoiesis, and increased ESA requirements. Clinically meaningful disease is most plausible when exposure history, phenotype, mucosal context, biopsy findings, and\u2014when observed\u2014improvement after lanthanum withdrawal converge. Deposition alone does not establish causality, and the true prevalence of clinically meaningful disease remains unknown. Nevertheless, in selected patients with advanced CKD and refractory anemia, deliberate review of current and prior phosphate\u2010binder exposure, appropriate gastric biopsy even when endoscopy is nondiagnostic, and reassessment after discontinuation may reveal a potentially reversible diagnostic contributor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijne\/2324899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:27:55Z","timestamp":1787750875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastric Lanthanum Deposition in Advanced CKD: An Underrecognized Diagnostic Pitfall in Refractory Anemia and Mucosal 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