{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:50:08Z","timestamp":1787017808025,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":176,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the association between long\u2010term mouth breathing habits and the morphological characteristics of children\u2019s lips, providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and early intervention. Given the cross\u2010sectional design and reliance on parental questionnaire\u2010based exposure classification, causal inference is not warranted; findings are strictly associative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 210 children aged 6\u201312 years were enrolled, comprising 105 children clinically classified as long\u2010term mouth\u2010breathing children and 105 nasal\u2010breathing children. Classification was based on a validated parental questionnaire with defined major and minor signs; objective airway assessment was not performed, which is acknowledged as a limitation. Lip morphological characteristics were analyzed from standardized lateral cephalograms. Quantitative parameters included protrusion of the subnasal region, upper lip, lower lip, and chin; length of the upper lip, lower lip, and chin; the ratio of upper lip length to lower lip length; nasolabial angle; mentolabial angle. Comparisons between groups used independent\u2010samples\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests with covariate adjustment (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) for age, sex, and BMI, and the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons. Effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant positive correlations were found among Ns to N\u2032 Vert, UL to N\u2032 Vert, LL to N\u2032 Vert, Pog\u2019 to N\u2032 Vert, UL\u2010L, LL\u2010L, and Cn\u2010L. Compared with nasal\u2010breathing children, mouth\u2010breathing children showed decreased protrusion of the subnasal region and upper lip, retraction of the chin, a sharper nasolabial angle, and a more obtuse mentolabial angle. No significant difference in lower lip protrusion (LL to N\u2032 Vert) was found between groups (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.225). Because all participants were recruited from an orthodontic clinic, these findings may not be generalizable to the general pediatric population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mouth breathing is associated with significant differences in lip and facial soft\u2010tissue morphology in children, particularly in the protrusion and length of the subnasal region, upper lip, and chin, as well as in nasolabial and mentolabial angles. Early identification and interdisciplinary management of mouth breathing may be important for preventing further morphological changes; however, longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal relationships and causal mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/1585193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:53:48Z","timestamp":1782464028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological Study of the Characteristics of Lips in Children With Mouth Breathing"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3613-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Wenting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7248-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Xiaowei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Shengdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Mengyuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou","family":"Lili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8623-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Xiaogang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09122671"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanc\u0131D. 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Updates SAJE: Nasal Response After Exercise in Swimmers Runners and Handball Players 2016 6 no. 2 64\u201369.","DOI":"10.2399\/jmu.2016002004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(83)90229-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4970.18.04015-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-770"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2099OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2022.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081426"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0672-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdj.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Influence of Mouth Breathing on the Dentofacial Growth of Children: A Cephalometric Study","volume":"6","author":"Basheer B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Oral Health: JIOH"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54328-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Functional Matrix","volume":"112","author":"Moss M.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Vistas in Orthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00933-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Pubertal Growth of 1453 Healthy Children According to Age at Pubertal Growth Spurt Onset. The Barcelona Longitudinal Growth Study","volume":"89","author":"Carrascosa A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anales De Pediatria"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2020.2837","article-title":"Informatics H: Comparison of Hard Palatal Volume and Lips Prominence in Patients With Nasal and Mouth Breathing","volume":"10","author":"Turk M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","article-title":"Actual Status of Mouth Breathing in Nursery School Children","author":"Kogue Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-09038-5","article-title":"Comparison of Infrared Thermography of the Face Between Mouth-Breathing and Nasal-Breathing Children","volume":"282","author":"Valentim A. F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","article-title":"Breathing Pattern and Muscle Activity Using Different Inspiratory Resistance Devices in Children With Mouth Breathing Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"da Fons\u00eaca JD M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3407-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01458-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2864"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N1225"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","article-title":"Mouth Breathing and Its Impact on Atypical Swallowing: A","volume":"12","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gonz\u00e1lez C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/9769151","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijod\/1585193","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijod\/1585193","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijod\/1585193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1782464038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijod\/1585193"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wesley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijod\/1585193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijod\/1585193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-8728","1687-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8728","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1585193"}}