{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:44:41Z","timestamp":1790621081449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Due to the presence of ion reservoir, saliva may facilitate enamel remineralization and neutralize pH of acidic beverage leads to prevent enamel demineralization. Saliva substitute\/artificial saliva has been developed in subsequent years and may differ in physical properties, function, or pH level from 5.0 to 7.3.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate the biomimetic effect of saliva (neutralization) on tooth enamel exposed to carbonated beverage (pH 2.44) and to observe therapeutic capability (remineralization) of artificial saliva over previously eroded (grade 3 and grade 5) enamel surface.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    After scanning with electron microscope (SEM\u2010EDX), nondemineralized crown samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940) were randomly grouped into two. Samples (50%) were flushed all around to carbonated beverage with collected natural saliva bathing simultaneously (experimental group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200920), and the rest flushed to beverage only without saliva bathing simultaneously (control group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200920). Flushing action was performed for 3\u2009min by a customized digital automatic flusher for 30 times for each sample. Samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940) were further scanned under SEM\u2010EDX to evaluate the demineralization grade and concentration of Ca, P, O, and C elements of crown samples to find out the neutralization effect of saliva. In the second phase, already demineralized crown samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) were randomly treated with artificial saliva having two different pH (7 or 6.8, experimental groups) and distilled water (control group) for 15\u2009min 3 times daily for 30 days. The remineralization score of experimental samples was graded, and therapeutic capability was established.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Samples, when exposed to a carbonated beverage with saliva bathing simultaneously, showed low level of demineralization (mean 2.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3) than the control (without saliva) (mean 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01) which indicated neutralization (bioimimetic) effect of natural saliva. All (100%) of demineralized samples treated with both artificial saliva (pH 7 or pH 6.8) showed significant remineralization (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01), thus revealed biomimetic capacity. SEM\u2010EDX analysis showed initial (before beverage exposure) concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon elements of crown samples were 32.48%, 31.5%, 28.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. The calcium (Ca) (9.7%) and phosphorous (P) (18.5%) values were more decreased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. The concentration of oxygen (54.4%) and carbon (15.5%) were more increased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. Though the concentration of calcium (38.5%) of the crown sample was increased after treatment with artificial saliva (pH 7), but the phosphorus (18.5%) concentration of the crown sample was not increased.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Within the context of the present study, both natural and artificial saliva showed significant biomimetic effects with respect to neutralization and remineralization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/1664620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T08:24:30Z","timestamp":1735979070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biomimetic Effect of Saliva on Human Tooth Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozina","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Asgor Moral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalequzzaman","family":"Md","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar","family":"A. 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F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Oral Health: JIOH"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518816961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S107624"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15134398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Regenerative Biomineralization Potential of Commercially Available Remineralizing Agents as a Preventive Treatment Approach for Tooth Erosion\u2014An In Vitro Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Moras C. 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