{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:40:44Z","timestamp":1773006044763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":134,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The perception of facial profile attractiveness varies among individuals and may influence clinical decision\u2010making in orthodontic dentofacial treatment goals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of the study was to evaluate the facial profile preferences of Tanzanian individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted at Muhimbili University Dental Clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A total of 387 participants, including 146 females and 241 males, were selected based on their lack of technical awareness of the facial profiles. The mean age of the male and female participants was 27.94\u2009\u00b1\u20097.67 and 28.98\u2009\u00b1\u20097.76\u2009years, respectively. The participants were asked to evaluate male and female facial profiles and score them on a scale of 1\u20134, with no score being assigned to more than one profile. The relative frequency of the profile scores was calculated, and a\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the preferences across different groups. A statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence interval (CI), with a\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010value of\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05 considered significant.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Among the male profiles, 48.3% (187) of the participants ranked profile M1, \u201cnormal maxilla, retruded mandible\u201d, as the most attractive, while 48.1% (186) ranked profile M2, \u201cretruded maxilla, protruded mandible\u201d, as the least preferred. Statistically significant differences were observed between age groups and income groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) in the ratings of each male profile. For the female profiles, 56.6% (219) of the raters preferred profile F4, \u201cstraight\u201d, while profile F3, \u201cprotruded maxilla, normal mandible\u201d, was ranked as the least preferred by 51.7% (200) of the participants. Significant differences were observed in the ratings of profile F4, \u201cstraight\u201d, between groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), except when comparing ratings between genders, where no significant difference was found. No statistically significant differences on age or income were observed for profile F3, \u201cprotruded maxilla, normal mandible\u201d.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The most preferred profiles among the Tanzanian population were the male profile with a mandibular retrusion (M1) and the female straight profile (F4).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/2937725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T05:04:17Z","timestamp":1747285457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tanzanian Population\u2019s Perspective on Facial Profile Esthetic Preferences"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Khamis","family":"Hamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2711-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinand Mabula","family":"Machibya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3332-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilda M.","family":"Mlangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3320-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David N.","family":"Ngassapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","article-title":"Nasolabial Angle in Profiles Perceived as Attractive: A Scoping Review","volume":"15","author":"Mohammadi S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Facial Attractiveness Judgments","volume":"11","author":"Kramer R. 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