{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:47:33Z","timestamp":1791877653957,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surface treatment is essential for optimizing zirconia bonding, but conventional airborne\u2010particle abrasion (APA) may compromise its mechanical properties, particularly in highly translucent materials. Nitric\u2013hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching has recently emerged as a potential alternative, yet its influence on the surface characteristics and mechanical performance of different zirconia generations remains inadequately understood. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of APA and nitric\u2013HF etching on the surface roughness, crystalline structure, and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of 3 mol% yttria\u2010stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y\u2010TZP) and 5 mol% Y\u2010TZP (5Y\u2010TZP) zirconia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety\u2010six disc\u2010shaped specimens (10\u2009mm diameter\u2009\u00d7\u20091.5\u2009mm thickness) were milled from 3Y\u2010TZP (ZI) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200948) and 5Y\u2010TZP (FX) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200948). Each zirconia type was randomly allocated into four treatment subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912 per subgroup; 8 subgroups in total): (1) untreated control, (2) APA\u201050, (3) APA\u2010120, and (4) Zircos E etching. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a Marsurf Ps10 surface roughness analyzer, while the crystalline structure was assessed by X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) diffraction and BFS was evaluated using a universal testing machine according to ISO 6872. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05), followed by posthoc tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      APA\u2010120 showed the highest Ra values (ZI\u2009=\u20091.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29\u2009\u00b5m; FX\u2009=\u20090.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u2009\u00b5m), significantly higher than those of all other treatments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001). Acid etching produced Ra values comparable to the controls (ZI\u2009=\u20090.38\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009\u00b5m; FX\u2009=\u20090.47\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009\u00b5m;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &gt; 0.05). for XRD, 5Y zirconia remained stable across all treatments, while 3Y zirconia showed slight peak intensity changes and minor tetragonal\u2010to\u2010monoclinic transformation after APA, with no change after acid etching. BFS was consistently higher in ZI than in FX (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001). The highest strength was recorded for untreated ZI (1059\u2009\u00b1\u2009103\u2009MPa), whereas the lowest was observed for FX after APA\u2010120 (420\u2009\u00b1\u200980\u2009MPa). Zircos\u2010E preserved 84.7% of the control strength in ZI (897\u2009\u00b1\u2009153\u2009MPa) and 96% in FX (479\u2009\u00b1\u200997\u2009MPa), whereas APA\u2010120 reduced strength by ~20% in 3Y\u2010TZP and 16% in 5Y\u2010TZP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      APA with 120\u2009\u00b5m Al\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      maximizes microroughness but compromises the flexural strength. Zircos E etching produced limited surface roughness changes while preserving crystalline stability and flexural strength in both zirconia generations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/3811328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:09:39Z","timestamp":1791875379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Airborne Particle Abrasion and Nitric\u2013Hydrofluoric Acid Etching on the Mechanical and Structural Properties of 3Y\u2010 and 5Y\u2010TZP Zirconia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser M.","family":"Aly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservative Dentistry Department Faculty of Dentistry Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt  alexu.edu.eg"},{"name":"Oral Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon  bau.edu.lb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magued H.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon  bau.edu.lb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8611-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Ayash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon  bau.edu.lb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0315-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon  bau.edu.lb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2023.103322"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2024.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7030074","article-title":"Adhesion to Zirconia: A Systematic Review of Current Conditioning Methods and Bonding Materials","volume":"7","author":"Russo S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dentistry Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105394"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Effect of Surface Conditioning Modalities on the Repair Bond Strength of Resin Composite to the Zirconia Core\/Veneering Ceramic Complex","volume":"15","author":"Ozcan M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adhesive Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13068"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.55428"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45510-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2024.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02223-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113915"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70893"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-024-01007-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","unstructured":"Ltd SE Create a Blocked Randomisation List 2022 Onlinehttps:\/\/www.sealedenvelope.com\/simple-randomiser\/v1\/lists."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13101691","article-title":"The Influence of Alumina Airborne-Particle Abrasion on the Properties of Zirconia-Based Dental Ceramics (3Y-TZP)","volume":"13","author":"\u0141agodzi\u0144ska P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Effect of Different Surface Treatments on Bonding of Ultra-Translucent Zirconia","volume":"46","author":"Nasr D. 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