{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:23:39Z","timestamp":1783081419856,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Edentulism, the loss of natural teeth, affects mastication, speech, and esthetics. Dentures, usually made of heat\u2010cured acrylic resin, replace function and esthetics. Conventional heat\u2010cured acrylic resin\u2014polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), used for dentures is susceptible to fracture and fungal colonization by\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which can cause denture stomatitis. This study was done to investigate reinforcing PMMA with nanocellulose and its effect on the flexural strength, impact strength and antimicrobial properties of PMMA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 90 heat\u2010cured acrylic resin specimens were fabricated using DPI Heat Cure acrylic resin (The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd., India) with nanocellulose particles (Vedayukt India Pvt. Ltd., Jharkhand, India), incorporated. The samples were divided into three groups: control (conventional PMMA), 2.5% nanocellulose\u2010reinforced PMMA, and 5% nanocellulose\u2010reinforced PMMA. The specimens were evaluated for flexural strength, impact strength, and antifungal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Statistical analysis was performed using one\u2010way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Flexural strength increased with nanocellulose concentration, but the change was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.095). In contrast, impact strength showed a significant, dose\u2010dependent improvement (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001), with the 5% group being substantially stronger than the 2.5% group and the control group. No antifungal activity was observed in any group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within the limitations of this in vitro study, nanocellulose reinforcement of PMMA produced a significant, concentration\u2010dependent increase in impact strength, with a nonsignificant improvement in flexural strength. The findings suggest that 5% nanocellulose reinforcement may enhance denture impact resistance and reduce fracture risk. No antifungal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/4009010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:49:26Z","timestamp":1783079366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties of Nanocellulose\u2010Reinforced Heat\u2010Cured Versus the Conventional Heat\u2010Cured Acrylic Resins: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1460-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. G.","family":"Padmapiriyaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanditha","family":"Kumar M.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thippeswamy Honne","family":"Manjunathappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1535708","article-title":"Tooth Loss Trajectories and Their Association With All-Cause Mortality Among Older Chinese Adults","volume":"6","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","article-title":"A Review of the Functional and Psychosocial Outcomes of Edentulousness Treated With Complete Replacement Dentures","volume":"69","author":"Allen P. F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2009.02039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","volume-title":"Phillips\u2019 Science of Dental Materials","author":"Kenneth J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","volume-title":"Craig\u2019s Restorative Dental Materials","author":"Sakaguchi R. 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M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Science International"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","volume-title":"ISO 20795-1: 2013 Dentistry\u2014Base Polymers\u2014Part 1: Denture Base Polymers","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20473\/jvhs.V4.I3.2021.119-124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.147446.1","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of the Addition of Nano-Cellulose Fibers on Certain Properties of Heat-Cured Acrylic Resin Denture Base Material","volume":"13","author":"Fadhel M. H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800334"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijod\/4009010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijod\/4009010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijod\/4009010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:49:28Z","timestamp":1783079368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijod\/4009010"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Murilo Baena","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijod\/4009010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijod\/4009010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-8728","1687-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8728","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4009010"}}