{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1783674968446,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Persistent microorganisms such as\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      remain within complex root canal microanatomy and biofilms, compromising disinfection and leading to endodontic failure. This study aimed to develop and characterize a carvacrol (CV)\u2013graphene oxide (GO)\u2013chitosan (CV@GO\u2013CS) nanocomposite with potential application in root canal disinfection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CV@GO\u2013CS nanocomposite was synthesized and evaluated for physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and release kinetics. Cytocompatibility was assessed using L929 fibroblast viability assays, and cell migration was evaluated by scratch tests. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined against\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      through MIC\/MBC and MIC\/MFC measurements and checkerboard synergy assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CV@GO\u2013CS exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of ~190\u2009nm (polydispersity index [PDI] 0.24) and a zeta potential of +\u200922.3\u2009mV. EE% and loading capacity (LC%) were 88.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6% and 46.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9%, respectively. CV release followed a biphasic profile, with ~45% released at 24\u2009h and ~82% at 96\u2009h. At a concentration of 50\u2009\u00b5g\/mL\u2014which exceeds the determined minimum bactericidal\/fungicidal concentrations\u2014L929 fibroblast viability exceeded 95%, and wound closure was significantly enhanced compared with controls. Antimicrobial testing showed MIC\/MBC values of 25\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and MIC\/MFC values of complete inhibition of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 10\u2009\u03bcg\/mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CV@GO\u2013CS nanocomposite demonstrated favorable physicochemical characteristics, high cytocompatibility, and strong antimicrobial activity against key endodontic pathogens. These findings support its potential as a sustainable, biocompatible platform for sustained\u2010release root canal disinfectants or intracanal medicaments; however, efficacy against endodontic biofilms remains to be established, and further preclinical evaluation in biofilm and ex vivo models is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/4667597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T08:43:01Z","timestamp":1783672981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Synergistic Carvacrol\u2013Graphene Oxide\u2013Chitosan Nanocomposite for Effective Root Canal 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