{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T02:09:33Z","timestamp":1769306973235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objetive<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of the rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the pterygoid process (PP), spheno\u2010occipital synchondrosis (SOS), and sella turcica (ST) in two patients\u2019 skulls with Class II and Class III skeletal relationships and to identify differences in mechanical loading through finite element analysis (FEA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of two patients\u2019 skulls were used: (1) a 13\u2010year\u2010old female with a Class II skeletal relationship due to maxillary protrusion and (2) a 14\u2010year\u2010old male with a Class III skeletal relationship due to maxillary hypoplasia. The computer\u2010aided design (CAD) geometry of both skulls was imported into Ansys v14 software to construct the finite element mesh. A transverse force of 100\u2009N was applied to the palatal surfaces of the first upper molar and first premolar to simulate RME. Von Mises stress (VMS) and maximum principal stress (MPS) were assessed at selected nodes representing the anatomical areas of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In VMS, the Class II model showed the highest value at Point 3 (2.077\u2009MPa), similar to the Class III model (1.707\u2009MPa). In MPS, the highest tensile stress in the Class II model occurred at Point 2 (1.396\u2009MPa), while in the Class III model it was at Point 3 (1.813\u2009MPa).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PP, SOS, and ST in Class II and Class III skeletal patterns are subjected to tensile and compressive loads during RME. The Class III model exhibited higher stress distribution at the skull base compared with the Class II model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding how delicate cranial structures respond to heavy orthopedic loads generated during RME may help refine treatment protocols for transverse maxillary deficiency across different malocclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/5168602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:14:26Z","timestamp":1769242466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on the Pterygoid Process and Spheno\u2010Occipital Synchondrosis in Skulls With Class II and Class III Skeletal Relationships: A Finite Element Analysis Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7042-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Gustavo","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Sevillano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Rodrigues","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia Cardoso Abdo","family":"Quint\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5636-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felippe Bevilacqua","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid Expansion of the Maxillary Dental Arch and Nasal Cavity by Opening the Mid-Palatal Suture","volume":"31","author":"Hass A. 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