{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:01:16Z","timestamp":1790146876227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":264,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to examine differences in perceiving smile attractiveness between undergraduate students across different university disciplines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Undergraduate students pursuing dentistry, pharmacy and psychology volunteered to participate in the study based on an extended invitation by the study contributors. Then, the students were informed about the protocol to follow as participants in the study in a scheduled session, whereby 24 modified images were presented, and smile\u2010attractiveness ratings were sought on a 6\u2010point Likert scale. The data were organised to examine differences in smile attractiveness perception among students with respect to factors such as discipline, skin tone in images and the tooth shades presented. The data were analysed using a three\u2010factor ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test at all levels, with\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 106 participants provided their perceived smile attractiveness ratings across the disciplines, dentistry (46), pharmacy (47) and psychology (13), with a mean age of 21.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.68 years. A statistically significant difference was observed overall and with independent factors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). There was a statistically significant interaction between the disciplines and students\u2019 VITA tooth shade perception, as indicated by smile attractiveness ratings (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002). Dark skin tone was distinctly perceived (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) by the students (irrespective of discipline); however, the fair and medium skin tones remained undifferentiable in the students\u2019 ratings (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). The dental students demonstrated the potential to distinctly identify differences in tooth shades, as evidenced by smile attractiveness ratings, compared to students from other disciplines (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undergraduate students across different university disciplines perceived smile attractiveness differently, with dental students discerning variations between tooth shades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/6693205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1790144180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Smile Attractiveness by Undergraduate Students Across Different Disciplines"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirti","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1283-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joey","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0806-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joslyn Chua Hao","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7205-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Nadeem","family":"Bijle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6715-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Daood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04266-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p240937"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15644\/asc54\/3\/6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Assessment of Smile Line and Attractiveness in a Group of Thai University Students","volume":"16","author":"Benjasupattananan S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"SWU Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.38.38.21422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2024.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2017.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0256"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/082606-349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5952643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19082\/6448"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12543"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1996.tb00893.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13110534"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Assessing the Perception of Smile Attractiveness in Young Adults: A Pilot Study","volume":"20","author":"Rehman K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S304216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118742106351728250124050713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","first-page":"598","article-title":"The Skin Color Preference of Lighter and Darker Skin Colored Males and Females","volume":"9","author":"Gupta A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Journal of Indian Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","first-page":"729","article-title":"The Impact of Skin Tone on Perceived Facial Beauty: A Two-Culture Study","volume":"35","author":"Cruz G. 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