{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:21:17Z","timestamp":1790770877152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chios mastic gum, a natural resin derived from the mastic tree, has a history of traditional use for its beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal system, its anti\u2010inflammatory properties, and its antimicrobial activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to integrate network pharmacology and standardized\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      analyses to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanisms and therapeutic potential of\n                      <jats:italic>P. lentiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                      phytochemicals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study employed a systematic methodology integrating data mining, network construction, and network analysis to explore the intricate relationships between the constituents of mastic gum and their diverse biological targets. The primary active compounds of\n                      <jats:italic>P. lentiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were identified through multiple databases, including the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutics database. ADME\/T profiling, Lipinski\u2019s rule of five, and target prediction were performed to assess drug likeness and pharmacokinetics. Protein\u2013protein interaction networks and gene ontology (GO) enrichment were analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape to identify biological pathways associated with antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy of these compounds was evaluated following the Polish\u2010European standard 1040, and antifungal activity was assessed according to the European standard 1650 by enumerating colony\u2010forming units after a 24\u2010h incubation period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four major phytochemicals \u2014 alpha\u2010terpineol, linalool, myrcene, and verbenone \u2014 were identified as key bioactive compounds. These exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and predicted interactions with targets related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and microbial virulence.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the ethanolic extract of\n                      <jats:italic>P. lentiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                      achieved\u2009\u2265\u20095 log reductions in both bacterial and fungal strains, demonstrating potent antimicrobial activity comparable to chlorhexidine. The hydroalcoholic extract showed moderate yet significant reductions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The integrative in silico and in vitro analyses indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>P. lentiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                      exerts antimicrobial effects through multiple complementary mechanisms, including membrane disruption, inhibition of virulence and biofilm formation, and modulation of host inflammatory pathways. These findings provide a mechanistic framework supporting the use of\n                      <jats:italic>P. lentiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a natural adjunct for managing periodontal infections and warrant further preclinical and clinical evaluation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/6981413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T10:17:38Z","timestamp":1768904258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of\n                    <i>Pistacia lentiscus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparna","family":"Ganeshkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram","family":"Sabarish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4208-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadha","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1231-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya Shree","family":"Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7489-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelyn Jerusha","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7286-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagalakshmi","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedy","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","volume-title":"Newman and Carranza\u2019s Clinical Periodontology and Implantology","author":"Newman M. 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