{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1773006132285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effects of Andresen functional appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) in growing Class II patients presenting with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This update study incorporates new data from an extended sample and a revised follow\u2010up period to evaluate changes in airway dimensions using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty growing patients with Class II malocclusion, mandibular hypoplasia, and OSAS, aged 9\u201314 (\u00b11.63) years, were recruited for the study group. An additional 15 untreated patients (seven females and eight males) matched for age, sex, and craniofacial morphology served as the control group. Each patient had a CBCT performed before treatment (T0) and posttreatment after follow\u2010up (16\u201324 months\u2010T1). Pharyngeal airway dimensions were measured via medical 3D analysis software. The following measurements were recorded: depth of the oropharynx (DOP), depth of the hypopharynx (DHP), MP\u2010H (linear distance from mandibular plane to hyoid), posterior nasal spine (PNS)\u2010U (soft palate length), posterior airway space (PAS), SNA, SNB, and ANB. Statistical analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests for paired samples) was performed to compare T0\u2013T1 changes within and between groups, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study showed the effects of the Andresen appliance on Class II correction, with an increase in SNB and a reduction in ANB. PAS increased by 2.94\u2009mm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001). DOP and DHP showed improvements after expansion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001), and MP\u2010H decreased (3.62\u2009mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.001), suggesting upward movement of the hyoid bone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In growing Class II patients, correction of mandibular retrusion using the Andresen appliance contributes to a sagittal increase in the oropharyngeal airway. These dimensional changes in the PAP also provided clinical improvements in sleep\u2010disordered breathing, supported by improved nocturnal polysomnographic (PSG) parameters. Such results might reduce anatomical and functional risk factors for pediatric OSAS. Functional orthopedic treatment performed during childhood has a role in airway patency promotion and long\u2010term OSAS risk decrease. A multidisciplinary approach is advised for optimal care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/9484241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:26:20Z","timestamp":1772997980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Andresen Activator on Pharyngeal Airway Volume in Growing Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: CBCT Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Giannini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Farronato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Garagiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5947-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianna","family":"Dipalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Michele","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Maspero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081459"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1042-14-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27497"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/081406-332"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/030210-125.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5591251"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Literature Review","volume":"64","author":"Maspero C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","first-page":"124","article-title":"Upper Airway Obstruction in Class II Patients. 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