{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:48:46Z","timestamp":1791553726579,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome\u2010wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed that glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma Protein B (GPNMB) was associated with Parkinson\u2032s disease (PD). GPNMB has been found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and its levels and the variation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to disease severity in PD patients. However, whether the altered expression of GPNMB is the cause or the result cannot be identified in the patient samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study applied a Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the causal relationship between GPNMB and PD. The blood GPNMB mRNA level from the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset and the plasma GPNMB protein level from the protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) acted as the exposure. PD\u2032s GWAS dataset from the International Parkinson\u2032s Disease Genomics Consortium including 33674 PD cases and 449056 normal controls was applied as the outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MR analysis with the inverse\u2010variant weighted method (IVW, OR = 1.416,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.39\n                      <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 06) and the weighted median methods (WM, OR = 1.430,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4.47\n                      <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 07) showed that the plasma GPNMB protein expression was linked to a higher risk of PD. We also discovered a significant association between the blood mRNA level of GPNMB and PD risk. The IVW (OR = 1.243,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.64\n                      <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 09) and WM (OR = 1.237,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5.11\n                      <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 08) methods share similar results. Secondary MR analysis further reveals causality between GPNMB pQTL\/eQTL and brain volume traits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrated a significant association between plasma GPNMB protein (pQTL) and mRNA level (eQTL) with PD. Further secondary MR analysis revealed causality between GPNMB pQTL\/eQTL and brain volume traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijog\/2340381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:49:10Z","timestamp":1791550150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship of Peripheral Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic Melanoma Protein B and Parkinson\u2032s Disease: Insights From a Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Yaoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging Department of Geriatrics Fujian Institute of Geriatrics Fujian Clinical Research Center for Senile Vascular Aging and Brain Aging Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou Fujian China  fjxiehe.com"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and 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