{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:44:16Z","timestamp":1772981056211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":286,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory distress is one of the most common reasons for the admission of neonates to the NICU in low and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) like Nepal, where bubble CPAP therapy is one of the most emerging and first\u2010line treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim is to study the various indications of bubble CPAP therapy in neonates with respiratory distress in different clinical conditions, success and failure rates, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective observational study was conducted for 17 months (Oct 2021\u2013Feb 2023) at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal, where 90 neonates with respiratory distress were enrolled and kept on bubble CPAP therapy. Various clinical conditions of CPAP use were observed along with success and failure rates. The final outcome was documented as discharge or death occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 90 babies with respiratory distress required CPAP therapy, where 53.3% were preterm, 44.4% term, and the rest postterm. About 32.2% of neonates had birth asphyxia, 16.7% had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 14.4% of cases had prematurity, and 12.2% had meconium aspiration syndrome. The study found a significant mean difference in Silverman score (in preterms) and Downe\u2032s score (in terms) before and after 6\u2009h of CPAP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 in each) and 12\u2009h of life (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 in each). Out of the total enrolled babies, 67 (74.4%) neonates survived whereas 25.6% had mortality. The present study showed CPAP success and failure rates of 68.9% and 31.1%, respectively. Out of total CPAP failure rate (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 28) babies, 67.9% had mortality and 32.1% were successfully discharged. No significant association of CPAP failure was seen when compared to gender, religion, gestational age, mode of delivery, resuscitation received, various indications of CPAP use, use of antenatal steroid, and duration of initiation of CPAP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, and prematurity were three leading causes of respiratory distress for the initiation of CPAP in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijpe\/2200049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T12:17:27Z","timestamp":1760444247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bubble CPAP Therapy in Newborns With Respiratory Distress With Its Outcome\u2014A Prospective Observational Study From a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Hanshmani Prasad","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binod Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Kafle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagendra","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.4294"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2739"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21276\/ijcmr.2019.6.7.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8871980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prevalence and Etiology of Respiratory Distress in Newborns","volume":"63","author":"Zaman S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5769\/1510099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/birdem.v3i1.17122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jbcps.v39i1.50450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2014.8733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijn.2019.39348.1626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v46i3.8319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S185264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jnhrc.v16i2.20297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"Bubble CPAP - a Primary Respiratory Support for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns","volume":"46","author":"Urs P. 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