{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:02:36Z","timestamp":1784887356319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":204,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxoplasmosis infection affects at least 30% of the human population globally. Transmission primarily occurs through the ingestion of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      oocysts. Various studies have documented the seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      among children with neurological manifestations such as autism, epilepsy, and hydrocephalus; however, data on asymptomatic infants remain limited. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and identify associated risk factors among children in Mwanza, Tanzania.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a hospital\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study conducted between September 2017 and April 2018 in Mwanza, Tanzania. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to capture sociodemographic, clinical data, and environmental exposure factors for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection for the enrolled infants and the mother or caregivers. Clinical data were retrieved from the electronic hospital information management system.\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      specific IgG and IgM antibodies were detected by indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 223 infants were enrolled, with a median age (IQR) of 3 (1\u20137) months; 55.6% were male. Mothers or caretakers had a median age (IQR) of 27 (22\u201332) years. The majority were aged &lt;\u200935 years, resided in urban areas, and were married. Most infants were exclusively breastfed. Good hygiene practices, including handwashing and appropriate latrine waste disposal, were commonly reported among mothers or caretakers. None of the infants tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013specific IgM antibodies, whereas 83 (37.2%; 95% CI: 30.0%\u201343.0%) were seropositive for IgG antibodies. On multivariate logistic regression analyses, having a peasant mother or caretaker (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1\u20130.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) decreases the odds of being\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG seropositive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      More than one\u2010third of asymptomatic infants in Mwanza were seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies. The odds of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG seropositivity were significantly lower among infants whose mothers or caretakers were peasants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijpe\/3549120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:14:04Z","timestamp":1784884444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    Among Asymptomatic Children Attending Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3472-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfina R.","family":"Msanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ottaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Ngoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tulla","family":"Masoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogatus","family":"Kabyemera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Morona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Mirambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7135268"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/jpccr\/81167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","article-title":"Toxoplasma and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion: A Meta-Analysis in a Population of Iranian Women","volume":"17","author":"Kazemi F. 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