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Of concern is exposure to air nicotine (AN) and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in indoor environments and their potential impact on respiratory infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to assess indoor air pollution and COVID\u201019 infection outcomes in multigenerational households within the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The COVID\u201019 Wayakta He? (\u201cAre you on guard against COVID\u201019?\u201d) Study recruited 290 multigenerational households with two adults at least 9 years apart. All participants responded to a questionnaire on COVID\u201019 outcomes, housing conditions, and environmental health factors. Households deployed passive AN and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      air monitors in their homes for 1 week. Each participant provided saliva samples for COVID\u201019 serological testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The geometric mean AN concentration was 0.052\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (range: 0.017\u20135.35); 40.1% of households had AN detected. The geometric mean NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration was 10.5\u2009ppb (range: 0.65\u2013138). The odds of previous COVID\u201019 infection were 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.51) times higher for those exposed to AN; the odds of self\u2010reported long COVID\u201019 disease were 3.69 (95% CI: 1.11, 16.6) times higher for those exposed to NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Indoor air exposures to AN and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased the odds of having COVID\u201019 infection and long COVID\u201019 outcomes. The combination of toxic chemical exposures, increased prevalence of existing chronic diseases, and structural social problems placed Indigenous communities at increased risk of having COVID\u201019 infections. High exposures to household AN and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and the occurrence of COVID\u201019 disease highlight the importance of consistently including exposure assessments to design targeted interventions in Tribal communities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ina\/7749725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:32:43Z","timestamp":1774953163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indoor Air Nicotine, Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure, and COVID\u201019 Outcomes in a Great Plains Tribal 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