{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:28:14Z","timestamp":1788820094910,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox is a rapidly spreading transmissible disease induced by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a major public health problem worldwide. The origin of monkeypox might be tracked to the continent of Africa, where it first afflicted primate species prior to spreading to the world. Severe health issues for the public have been raised as a result of the disease\u2019s current breakouts in nonendemic areas and its subsequent dissemination to several nations throughout the globe. Monkeypox spreads by having contact with infected creatures or people, as well as respiratory droplets and contaminated things. Symptoms of monkeypox in young children and adults are different. While the symptoms are similar to smallpox, monkeypox has a reduced mortality rate. Proper diagnosis, suitable care, and focused preventative efforts all depend on becoming cognizant of those distinctions. Numerous promising therapeutic approaches have been recently investigated. Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir, which were initially developed to treat smallpox, were found to have been effective in treating MPXV cases. Moreover, vaccinations continue to be an important preventative step. The purpose of this article is to offer the most recent and thorough information available on monkeypox, including its possible causes, modes of transfer, and potential treatments. By identifying the distinct forms of monkeypox and exploring potential treatment options, this work contributes to the ongoing battle against MPXVs and the management of this novel viral disease. To stop the propagation of monkeypox, greater research and communication are needed to provide stronger treatments and effective vaccinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/2522741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T11:04:56Z","timestamp":1738494296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monkeypox: Origin, Transmission, Clinical Manifestations, Prevention, and Therapeutic Options"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajal Kumar","family":"Halder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3765-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arafin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbubul Kabir","family":"Himel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4152-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparna","family":"Shil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(22)00228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01215-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","volume-title":"Mpox Outbreak Global Map | Mpox | Poxvirus","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2210696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"625","article-title":"Outbreaks of Monkeypox and Serological Surveys in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"46","author":"Arita I.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","first-page":"593","article-title":"A Human Infection Caused by Monkeypox Virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj I. D.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","article-title":"Reverse Zoonosis and its Relevance to the Monkeypox Outbreak 2022","volume":"49","author":"Choudhary O. P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"New microbes and new infections"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30281-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus in Relation to the Ecological Features Surrounding Human Settlements in Bumba Zone, Zaire","volume":"39","author":"Khodakevich L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.05.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","article-title":"WHO Declares Rapidly Spreading Monkeypox Outbreak a Global Health Emergency","author":"Kimball S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNBC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.130272.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(22)00153-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2207323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Genomic Regions Insertion and Deletion in Monkeypox Virus Causing Multi-Country Outbreak-2022","volume":"29","author":"Desingu P. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.37.1.1-18.1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Smallpox and Monkeypox in Non-Human Primates","volume":"39","author":"Arita I.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01254676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","unstructured":"Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 Vaccines during the 2022 U.S. Mpox Outbreak | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC 2023 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/clinicians\/vaccines\/vaccine-considerations.html?CDC_AA_refVal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.16.spl1.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","unstructured":"Mpox (Monkeypox) 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2022.27.36.2200620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","volume-title":"Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options: A Workshop Report [Internet]","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math11051121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.16.spl1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25306-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2022.27.29.2200552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-016-0516-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36685\/phi.v8i3.634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"Fatal Monkeypox in a Child in Kikwit, Zaire","volume":"64","author":"Janseghers L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","unstructured":"Asm Mpox: What We Do and Don\u2019t Know about Recent Outbreaks 2023 https:\/\/asm.org:443\/Articles\/2022\/May\/Monkeypox-What-We-Do-and-Don-t-Know-About-Recent-O."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","unstructured":"PubChem PubChem [Internet] 2023 https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Tecovirimat, a P37 Envelope Protein Inhibitor for the Treatment of Smallpox Infection","volume":"13","author":"Duraffour S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Idrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01269-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.8.3153-3162.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.948847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","unstructured":"FDA [Internet] 2021 Research C for DE and. FDA Approves Drug to Treat Smallpox"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2220572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2112409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01447-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01683-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02825-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.13.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0967-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.20.13139-13149.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01303-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","unstructured":"BioSpace SIGA Announces Health Canada Regulatory Approval of Oral TPOXX 2023 https:\/\/www.biospace.com\/article\/siga-announces-health-canada-regulatory-approval-of-oral-tpoxx-\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029700800101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2122803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01061-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp8000099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958020-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ftd.0000000000000353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05983-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460794.3.6.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.50.4.1336-1341.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01257-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01601-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.05416-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Multi-Country Monkeypox Outbreak in Non-endemic Countries 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON388."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-7557-7_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention An Open-Label Prospective Cohort Study of IMVAMUNE\u00ae Smallpox Vaccine in Adult Healthcare Personnel at Risk for Monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [Internet] 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_2","unstructured":"Smallpox Vaccines [Internet] 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/groups\/global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety\/topics\/smallpox-vaccines."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_2","unstructured":"Clinical Guidance for Smallpox Vaccine Use in a Postevent Vaccination Program 2023 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr6402a1.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s3687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.16.spl1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-9-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-9-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-3-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-008-9128-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.13.7590-7600.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)45363-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.10.6131-6139.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.2.1485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.22.12147-12156.2004"}],"container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/2522741","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ipid\/2522741","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/2522741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:54:35Z","timestamp":1773773675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ipid\/2522741"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Lanzafame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ipid\/2522741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ipid\/2522741","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-708X","1687-7098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-708X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2522741"}}