{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:30:13Z","timestamp":1773786613497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":351,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even though childhood tuberculosis (TB) is of public health significance in Cameroon, reports on childhood TB and its risk factors are limited. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for TB among children in the Centre Region, Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An unmatched case\u2013control study was conducted at ten health facilities in the Centre Region from February 12 to July 31, 2022. Children under 15\u2009years who attended these health facilities for TB treatment were considered as cases. Controls were children attendees who presented in the outpatient department (OPD) of the same health facility for non\u2010TB health problems. For each case, two consecutive controls were sampled systematically. Data were collected using pretested and structured questionnaires through face\u2010to\u2010face interviews with parents\/guardians. Logistic regression analyses were employed to identify risk factors for TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 120 cases and 231 controls were enrolled in the study, and the median (interquartile range) age among both cases and control was 3\u2009years (IQR\u2009=\u20091\u20133). The odds of TB were seven times (AOR\u2009=\u20097.24; 95%\u2009CI: 1.76\u201318.98) more likely among children with the absence of BCG vaccination compared with being vaccinated for BCG. A child\u2019s previous history of TB, family history with a TB patient, duration of contact with a TB patient, and child\u2019s HIV status were the other risk factors of childhood TB with AOR 20.01 (4.77\u201333.87), 4.90 (1.10\u201321.83), 4.76 (1.02\u201312.14), and 2.73 (1.55\u201319.10), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The absence of BCG vaccination, the child\u2019s previous history of TB, family history with a TB patient, duration of contact with a TB patient, and HIV\u2010positive status are the independent risk factors for childhood TB in the Centre Region. Contact tracing and contact screening should be enhanced and correctly implemented by the National TB Control Program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/7988364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:50:26Z","timestamp":1766058626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors of Childhood Tuberculosis in the Centre Region of Cameroon: An Unmatched Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Achombwom","family":"Vukugah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derick Akompab","family":"Akoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micheline Mekemnang","family":"Tchoupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(17)30289-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","volume-title":"Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 2018-2022","author":"Who","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4188-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1686047"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0317"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","author":"Who","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4482131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206917"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","volume-title":"Annual Report on the Implementation of Tuberculosis Control Program in Cameroon-Year 2022","author":"Ntcp","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","unstructured":"Ntcp Plan Strategique National 2020-2024 Du Programme National De Lutte Contre La Tuberculose PSN 2020-20242020."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s45090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Determinants of Childhood tuberculosis\u2013A Case Control Study Among Children Registered Under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in a District of South India","volume":"58","author":"Ramachandran R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20184559"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7597-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(98)70029-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KarimM. 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What Cannot be Measured Cannot be Done; Risk Factors for Childhood Tuberculosis: A Case Control Study 2012.","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v38i1.10449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2019.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","volume-title":"Technical Guide for Health Personnel in Cameroon","author":"Ntcp","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.100970"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3163-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-991"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","article-title":"Effects of Poor Protein Intake and In-House Overcrowding on Childhood Tuberculosis in a Low-Income Bangladeshi Rural Community: A Case-Control Study","volume":"2","author":"Taifur R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases & Immune Therapies"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06609-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330076038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214235"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.044255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67534-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","volume-title":"Literature Review of Routine Immunization in Cameroon in 2022","author":"Expanded Programe on Immunization C","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017871"}],"container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/7988364","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ipid\/7988364","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/7988364","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:54:09Z","timestamp":1773773649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ipid\/7988364"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suraiya","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ipid\/7988364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ipid\/7988364","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-708X","1687-7098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-708X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7988364"}}