{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:30:10Z","timestamp":1773786610158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections remain a significant public health concern in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a major challenge. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and AMR patterns of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in clinical samples from a tertiary care center in Nepal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was conducted at the microbiology department in the country\u2019s largest public tertiary care hospital, TUTH, Nepal. A retrospective analysis was performed on 16,579 clinical specimens with culture\u2010confirmed\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance and susceptibility trends were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 16,579 clinical samples analyzed, enteric fever was identified in 114 cases (0.7%). Of these,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi accounted for 77.2%, while\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi comprised 22.8%. No multidrug resistance was observed, and all isolates were susceptible to third\u2010 and fourth\u2010generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefixime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime) and \u03b2\u2010lactamase inhibitors (e.g., piperacillin\u2010tazobactam).\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi showed 100% sensitivity to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole, while susceptibility to chloramphenicol was high for both\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi (88.9%) and\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi (92.9%). Gentamicin exhibited comparatively lower sensitivity, with rates of 78.3% for\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi and 80% for\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi. Ciprofloxacin showed the lowest susceptibility, at 47.6% for\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi and 60% for\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study identified a lower prevalence of culture\u2010confirmed typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, with\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi predominating over\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi. High resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was observed, while susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole re\u2010emerged, suggesting their potential for reintroduction in treatment. No multidrug resistance or resistance to third\u2010 and fourth\u2010generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefepime) and \u03b2\u2010lactamase inhibitors (e.g., piperacillin\u2010tazobactam) was noted, supporting their reliability for empirical therapy. These findings underscore the need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance to guide effective treatment strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/9167226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:20:36Z","timestamp":1764134436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Prevalence of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Species in Blood Samples: Insights From a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8284-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhruba","family":"Dhungana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Pandeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Budthapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Basyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balmukunda","family":"Regmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junu","family":"Ricchinbung Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.030230"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The Global Burden of Typhoid Fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump J. 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