{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:30:38Z","timestamp":1773786638862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":197,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u041aP-06-\u041d-43\/2\/27.11.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041aP-06-\u041d-43\/2\/27.11.2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The intracellular parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulates the human immune system, resulting in the activation of both cellular and humoral immune responses. In HIV\u2010infected individuals, latent\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection can reactivate, resulting in toxoplasmosis encephalitis (TE). Detection of specific memory T cells in such patients will prevent the risk of toxoplasmosis\u2010related complications. ELISPOT assesses CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to antigens, and facilitates the identification of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific IFN\u2010\u03b3 producing memory T cells in patients with both toxoplasmosis and HIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    ELISA was used to test 104 blood samples from HIV\u2009+\u2009individuals for\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the blood samples of the toxoplasmosis\u2010positive HIV\u2010infected patients and used to analyze the T\u2010cell immune response. Peptides from the\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    were selected to stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when performing the ELISPOT.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Serological data for toxoplasmosis was identified in 29 (27.6%) of the total number of patients. A significant difference was observed in the CD4+ T cell count between HIV\u2010positive patients with and without toxoplasmosis. Seven of the HIV\u2010infected patients with toxoplasmosis had a low CD4+\/CD8+ T cell ratio. After performing a 16\u201320\u2009h ELISPOT with peptide stimulation to investigate the presence of specific IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010producing cells in these seven patients, no IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010secreting cells were detected. Subsequently, a modified method was used, in which the immune cells were stimulated for a period of 5\u2009days. At the end of this stimulation, all samples from HIV\u2010infected patients with toxoplasmosis were ELISPOT positive, with a mean of 32 and 45 spots per well, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    It is important to monitor patients with HIV, toxoplasmosis, and immunodeficiency. This can help prevent complications such as TE.\u2009A modified ELISPOT protocol may be required to determine the specific cell\u2010mediated response in immunocompromised patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/9514227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1752773623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the T\u2010Cell Immune Response in Individuals With HIV and Toxoplasmosis Using ELISPOT"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskra Georgieva","family":"Rainova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2745-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumen Nenkov","family":"Harizanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana Dimitrova","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Vanyova Videnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora Marinova","family":"Kaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2096-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raina Borisova","family":"Enikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Dimitrova","family":"Tsvetkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Opportunistic Parasitoses and HIV Infection in Bulgaria","volume":"4","author":"Kurdova R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infectology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","unstructured":"KurdovaR. MarinovaT. JordanovaD. IvanovaM. TzvetkovaN. andRainovaI. Opportunistiv Parasitic Diseases Associated With HIV Infection in Bulgaria Proceedings of the IX European multicolloquim of parasitology 2004 Valencia Spain 435\u2013440."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","article-title":"Parasites in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"6","author":"Yancheva-Petrova N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"10th National Congress on Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","unstructured":"GrozdevaR. IvanovD. StrashimirovD. andYancheva \u2013 PetrovaN. Two Clinical Cases of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in People Living With HIV\u2014A Disease Still a Diagnostic Challenge Proceedings of XI National Scientific Conference on HIV\/AIDS and Exotic Parasitic and Infectious Diseases 2024 Zigov chark Bulgaria 36\u201337."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001253"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652013000100005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells6040031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1629"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00425-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.3.704-707.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020293"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/637649"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2020.112831"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.14.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199611000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3180377b5b"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.621738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4824-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.04.009"}],"container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/9514227","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ipid\/9514227","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ipid\/9514227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:54:37Z","timestamp":1773773677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ipid\/9514227"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suraiya","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ipid\/9514227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ipid\/9514227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-708X","1687-7098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-708X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9514227"}}